%PDF-1.6 % A mentally ill patient P was given electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), during which he suffered a fractured pelvis and other injuries. If there was nerve root compression it needed to be corrected promptly; if there was none then it was valuable to have it excluded.. Two spinal surgeons form a category of specialism which is separate and apart from those other orthopaedic and neuro-surgeons who are engaged in a wider field of surgical practice.. IN THE SUPREME COURT OF JUDICATURE ]Rg{Q,`G^;M2;f`>ydrYF*DiTpLP]: w2[sDZ:.>RlT[#df LH' kI{$ endstream endobj 1 0 obj <. . P281. LORD JUSTICE OTTON:This is an Appeal from a decision of His Honour Judge Byrt QC, sitting as a Deputy High Court Judge on ll June 1993, whereby he dismissed the Plaintiffs action for damages by finding in favour of the First and Second Defendants. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'swarb_co_uk-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',125,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-swarb_co_uk-medrectangle-3-0'); Times 16-Feb-1995, Ind Summary 03-Apr-1995. This at least is the basis on which I have taken account of this unhappy chapter of events.. The second consultant decided to refer the plaintiff to Mr John OBrien who was well known within the medical circles as an experienced spinal surgeon. He then considered the expert evidence on behalf of the defendant. -Fowles v. Bedfordshire CC [1995] assumed respons- dont put by wall-Key Facts: A gymnast was injured when he over-rotated into a wall while performing a forward somersault off a trampette at a YMCA facility (2/3 CN) ?? The case status is Pending - Other Pending. Gan Insurance Company Limited and Another v Tai Ping Insurance Company Limited: CA 28 May 1999. The Bolam test may provide a defence for those who lag behind the times, he said, but cannot serve those who know better; in any event, doctors who (in 1985) gave no warning were not acting responsibly. It was not enough to show there was a body of medical opinion which considered that a doctor had acted wrongly, if there was another equally competent body of opinion which supported his action. It was open to him to find as a fact that a small number of specialists constituted a responsible body and that the body would have considered the first defendants decision justified, or more succinctly, as the learned judge put it, that the plaintiff had failed to discharge the burden of proof that the first defendant was negligent in operating on the second occasion. He then considered the factors which led to the first defendant to decide to operate: These findings cover the factors upon which the defendant relied in making his decision to operate but they may be summarised as follows: the fact of the earlier operation, the subsequent altered pattern of pain, the restricted straight leg raising, the wasted right buttock, the intractable pain, the 10 degree increase in scoliosis due to the first operation.. (HIS HONOUR JUDGE BYRT QC SITTING AS A HIGH COURT JUDGE), LORD JUSTICE LEGGATT LORD JUSTICE OTTON ), Bolam v Friern Hospital [1957] 2 All ER 118, McNair J. Thus the only issue which fell to be decided was whether the plaintiff had proved that the first defendants decision to operate on 26 August was negligent. My concern at this juncture is whether a decision in the circumstances of this case to conduct an exploratory operation solely on the strength of a logical inference that there might be nerve root compression is one which no responsible body of surgeons practising in the defendants specialism would countenance.Having accepted, as I do, the integrity of the evidence given by Mr Findlay and Mr Webb, I feel impelled to accept that part of their evidence which says they speak on behalf of all those specialising in spinal surgery when they say that such a decision would not be unreasonable; on the contrary, it would be necessary.. He has run spinal study training courses since 1984 and was editor of the text book on spinal surgery published in 1992. The operation in Maida Vale was partially successful. Updated: 09 December 2022; Ref: scu.79881. Only 11/1000 would consider to carry the operation out. The formula examines whether the regulation is unrelated to content and narrowly tailored to achieve the . Google Scholar [18] M. Brazier, E. Cave. IMPORTANT:This site reports and summarizes cases. He said: In contract Mr Findlays and Mr Webbs position was that if after an earlier recent operation there is a real prospect that at that operation you have done something amiss to the spine which may have caused nerve root compression, then the spinal specialist must operate. P claimed F's failure to warn her was itself a breach of duty, but the House of Lords disagreed. Findlay CJ, having reviewed Irish authority and giving the judgment of the court, said: The principles thus laid down.can in this manner be summarised: (1) The two tests for establishing negligence in diagnosis or treatment on the part of a medical practitioner is whether he has been proved to be guilty of such failure as no medical practitioner of equal specialist or generalist status and skill would be guilty of if acting with ordinary care. The issue whether or not to operate could not be determined by counting heads. When a client proposes to enter into a . ____________________. He also accepted that the logic which led the defendant to believe that the first operation must have been responsible for the new pattern of pain, to be prima facie reasonable. The trial judge found D had been negligent in his treatment, but the Court of Appeal and a majority of the House of Lords disagreed. Get free homework help on Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried: book summary, chapter summary and analysis, quotes, essays, and character analysis courtesy of CliffsNotes. 071-404 7464 The material parts of that note record: There was a marked lordosis at the L4 and L5 segments and marked shingling at the L4 level with unfolding of the ligamentum flavum. um conjunto de 56 captulos, que sintetizam os principais temas da rea, e destina-se ao proissional de sade que precisa de conhecimentos prticos e de fcil aplicao no seu dia a dia. Expert solutions. The learned judge treated the accuracy of the post-operative note as affecting the defendants credibility. As the learned judge correctly put it at p59F, Has the plaintiff proved that the decision to operate on that basis was a decision that no reasonable doctor working within their specialism would take?. In August 1990 the plaintiff commenced proceedings against the first defendant alone alleging negligent mismanagement of the CSF leak. The trilogy was re-released in 1986 in a single volume with a revised ending to Girls in Their Married Bliss and addition of an epilogue. Study sets, textbooks, questions. Defreitas v O'Brien (1995) Times 16/2/95, CA. Law School Case Brief; O'Brien v. O'Brien - 294 Ky. 793, 172 S.W.2d 595 (1942) Rule: Where both parties are acquainted with the partnership affairs and neither reposed special confidence in the other, the burden of proof is greater than where one did not have full knowledge of the business and relied upon his partner. It combats the deficit perspective that has permeated the psychological literature about African Americans by focusing on the strengths that have facilitated their growth and resiliencewhile also considering existing challenges . Copyright2007 - 2023 Revision World Networks Ltd. D prescribed a certain herbal remedy, but C suffered an unpredictable idiosyncratic reaction and died. The other soldiers followed suit. James O'Brien left LBC listeners in stitches as he summed up what France must think of Suella Braverman.'She wants to sign the same treaty that we've already. On 24 August a radiculogram showed no convincing evidence of nerve root compression. Criminal Law summary; JF Biochemistry (MD1006): Cell Cycle; Business Law LW1109 Notes; 6. Thorn EMI Plc v Customs and Excise Commissioners: CA 5 Jun 1995. 1st Oct 2021 Case Summary Reference this In-house law team Jurisdiction / Tag(s): UK Law. Order for payment of the Respondents costs by the Legal Aid Board subject to the order lying in the office for 10 weeks so that the Area Director may be afforded the opportunity of showing cause why that course should not be followed. In order to make these general principles readily applicable to the facts of this case.it is necessary to state further conclusions not expressly referred to in the cases above-mentioned. C's widow sued for damages but failed. ', In short the conclusion of both defence witnesses that the pain might be radicular seems to have been arrived at by process of deduction rather than by clinical assessment. We use cookies to improve your website experience. In my view there is no basis on which this court would be justified in interfering with the judges findings of fact on any of the grounds contained in paragraphs 1 5 in the amended notice of appeal. ?-Dunnage v. Randall [2015]-??-. Thus there was not only evidence to support the first defendants decision to operate in the absence of radicular pain, the learned judge unequivocally preferred the evidence of the first defendants experts to those called on behalf of the plaintiff. The 7-to-1 majority, speaking through Chief Justice Earl Warren, established a test to determine whether governmental regulation involving symbolic speech was justified. This case was filed in U.S. Courts Of Appeals, U.S. Court Of Appeals, Sixth Circuit. However, when a family member comes along and witnesses the limb-strewn aftermath, tort becomes just a little uneasy, as broken limbs are superseded by broken hearts and shattered relationships., [See: Joanne Conaghan, Tort Law and Feminist Critique (2003) Current Legal Problems 175-209]. Analysis. Name City State Type Key Contacts Active Projects Or, is this still a gendered concept that reinforces a dualistic attribution of reason & rationality to men, and emotion & intuition to women? The experts called on behalf of the first defendants accepted that normal medical opinion would not have countenanced surgery in this case and that those who would have countenanced surgery were a very small body of spinal surgeons. In evidence the defendant said that he had found evidence of nerve compression in the central area of the spinal column. Whitehouse v Jordan [1981] 1 All ER 267, HL. Defreitas v O'Brien and Connolly [1995] 6 Med LR 108 A doctor specialising in spinal surgery considered an intricate exploratory operation necessary. There is seldom any one answer exclusive to all others to problems of professional judgment. Defreitas v O'Brien and Connolly. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. Thus I do not consider the learned judge fell into error in not considering whether the body of spinal surgeons had to be substantial. subscribers. Case Details Parties Documents Dockets. Accordingly it was the learned judges duty to analyse carefully and with reservations the reasons put forward by the spinal surgeons for advocating a practice thought to be dangerous and unmerited by the vast majority of responsible practitioners. However, the practice backed by the body of professionals must be based on logical and defensible grounds ( Bolitho v City and Hackney Health . Having accurately set out the law and reviewed the authorities, he posed the question: Against that set of legal guidelines does the evidence establish that no responsible body of ordinary medical men, specialising in the first defendants specialities, would have decided to operate as the defendant did on 26 August?. A fire broke out while the wife C2 and the three young children were upstairs. Barclays Bank v O'Brien. Earlier he had summarised part of the evidence of Mr Findlay (which he later accepted), an orthopaedic surgeon called on behalf of the first defendant. De Freitas v OBrien [1995] EWCA Civ 28 (02 February 1995), Crow v Wood [1970] EWCA Civ 5 (09 June 1970), Black v. Fife Coal Co., Ltd [1911] UKHL 228 (19 December 1911), Knowsley Housing Trust v White [2008] UKHL 70 (10 December 2008). THE COURT OF APPEAL OF ANTIGUA. Elloy de Freitas Appellant. question. The Country Girls, both the trilogy and the novel, is often credited with . CC and their family lived in a council house; the windows had key-operated security locks, and the keys were on a hook in the kitchen. "Notes" is the key vignette for unlocking the medium-is-the-message form of O'Brien's novel. Even though it is easier to understand the problem if we hone it down to relevant facts, which may include abstracting the parties into letter symbols (either A and B or P and D) or roles (driver and passenger), why is it that relevant facts do not include the web of relationships and connected people affected by a failure to act responsibly with care for that persons safety? Why is it that our legal training forces us to exclude that information when we solve problems and make rules governing social behavior or for compensating some victims of accidents? Miami Springs, FL 33166-5027 Miami, FL 33137-3930 Locations In United States v.O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968), the Supreme Court upheld a federal law prohibiting the knowing mutilation of draft cards, rejecting the First Amendment arguments of an anti-war protester.. Of more lasting importance to First Amendment jurisprudence, the Court created the O'Brien test for determining whether expressive conduct or symbolic speech merits First Amendment . These did not confirm this diagnosis but the discogram showed early disc degeneration at L 4/5 level. This condition lead to manipulation, traction and surgery. Mr OBrien had trained as a Doctor in Australia and then turned to orthopaedic surgery in London, Edinburgh and Hong Kong. ;6#30D>Z `'BuWJ$jO"I~n "I{!Z [ZhlVk9 /3wQa| endstream endobj 88 0 obj <>stream In 1986 she suffered severe low back pain. Mr Findlay is a consultant neuro-surgeon specialising exclusively in spinal surgery since 1985. Share this: Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Law Case Summary. Mr Findlay and Mr Webb were of the opinion that the severe pain suffered by the plaintiff following the first operation was by a process of deduction due to nerve root compression, or the possibility of it. For this reason he said that it was mandatory for the defendant to check out how it might have done so. It is this second operation upon which this action and appeal are concerned. A small number of doctors can constitute responsible medical opinion. 87 0 obj <>stream Upholding the trial judge's finding in favour of DD, the Court of Appeal said the "responsible body of medical opinion" need not be particularly large. O'Brien Character Analysis. However, Mr Ashworth is understandably concerned about the effect upon the reputation of a distinguished surgeon in the light of the judges further comment. It is not sufficient to raise theBolamdefence by resorting to such a small number. Leading Case: Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 Doctors should be judged by whether they have acted in accordance with other skilled doctors (notwithstanding they may be contrary views) Leading Case: Bolitho v. City & Hackney Health Authority [1997] 4 All ER 771 BUT, any decision must also be LOGICAL and consider the RISKS & BENEFITS, -Hyde & Associates Ltd v. JD Williams & Co [2001]-Adams v. Rhymney Valley District Council [2000]-Chittock v. Woodbridge School [2002]-Herald of Free Enterprise [1987]-Thompson v. Smiths Shiprepairers (North Shields) Ltd [1984]-Watson v. British Boxing Board of Control (BBBC) [1999] -. 346 words (1 pages) Case Summary. In English law the word substantial has only appeared in the judgment of Hirst J cited above. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects many people worldwide. The jury should not find the defendant negligent simply because one of the risks inherent in an operation actually took place, or because in a matter of opinion he made an error of judgement. In summary, in cases involving medical skill and treatment only, once it's found that the actions of the defendant are in line with a responsible body of opinion, even if small, there is no negligence as long as that opinion can be justified. Este livro a segunda edio revista e melhorada do Manual de Cuidados Paliativos da Academia Nacional de Cuidados Paliativos (ANCP). Before making any decision, you must read the full case report and take professional advice as appropriate. Defreitas v O'Brien (1995) Times 16/2/95, CA. 1341, and bank fraud, 18 U.S.C. Subsequent investigations revealed deep wound infection and leakage of cerebro-spinal fluid. Lord Scarman felt the American rule of "informed consent" should apply, and that there should generally be full disclosure unless "therapeutic privilege" could be invoked, but the majority said the Bolam/Maynard test should apply to vindicate any course supported by a substantial body of responsible medical opinion, subject to a duty to answer any direct questions truthfully and fully. FROM. When the matter came for trial in February 1992 the learned judge was concerned with the issue of liability only. He accepted that the myelogram performed by Dr Grant showed that there was no evidence of nerve root compression; there was a minimal and insignificant increase in lordosis; there was an appreciable increase in scoliosis which he assessed at approximately 10 degrees; this was not postural, but stemmed from the fused vertebrae resulting from the first operation. Most solicitors will know the rule in Citicorp Ltd v O'Brien [1996] NSWSC 514 without any real need to refer to Riley's. This is because the rule in Citicorp has been woven into the fabric of legal training and practice in Australia since 1996. IN THE COURT OF APPEAL (CIVIL DIVISION) D was to be measured against the standard of a reasonable TCHM practitioner, and although there had been some letters in the medical press casting doubt on the safety of this particular remedy, that concern had not been voiced so widely that he should have known of it. In my view the appellants emphasis and reliance upon this finding by the learned judge is not justified. The Court of . From 1976 1985 he was the Director of the Department for Spinal Disorders, Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry. It was submitted that theBolamtest was not designed to enable small numbers of medical practitioners, intent on carrying out otherwise unjustified exploratory surgery, to assert that their practices are reasonable because they are accepted by more than one doctor. Dave Jensen shook the dead man's hand. However, he did not reject expressly or by implication that the defendant in the course of the second operation cleared the foramina (ie the tunnels of the vertebrae through which the nerves exit) of compressing tissue and bone until he had freed the compromised nerves. He citedHills v Potter[1984] 1 WLR 641 where Hirst J stated at 653C: I do not accept Mr Stones argument that by adopting the Bolam principle the court in effect abdicates its power of decision to the doctors. Get O'Brien v. O'Brien, 489 N.E.2d 712 (N.Y. 1985), State of New York Court of Appeals, case facts, key issues, and holdings and reasonings online today. She was discharged home on 7 August. I address the question as to what is the body of medical opinion about which the defendant should be judged in his specialism. The argument that there was negligence because as it was shown only 11 out of over 1,000 surgeons who regularly performed the operation would have operated in this case was rejected. The appellant seeks to impugn that finding on the ground that it was inconsistent with his findings that: In those circumstances, Mr Brennan submits that it was not open to the judge to conclude that there existed a responsible body of medical opinion which would, on the facts as found by him, have operated on the plaintiff. Mr Piers Ashworth QC, on behalf of the respondent, submits on the cross-notice that the learned judge fell into error, that these findings were founded on a misconception and that the learned judge was not justified, on the evidence, in finding that the first defendant had deliberately dictated a false operation note within minutes of the conclusion of surgery. ). Mr Campbell-Connolly was also made second defendant in this action but the learned judge found in his favour and that matter is not before this court. DPP v O'Brien. A doctor is expected to come up to the standards of the reasonable doctor practising the skill in question - the reasonable GP, or the reasonable obstetrician, or the reasonable brain surgeon, or whatever. Copyright 2023 Maritime Insights & Intelligence Limited. The Court . The High Court has ordered the disclosure of certain documents which businessman Denis O'Brien says he needs for his defamation and conspiracy action against . specific types of people who can breach:novicesexperts, not fair to apply reasonable man?- ends up same standard as every1 else, Leading Case: Nettleship v. Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 Novices and inexperienced defendants will still be treated by the (objective) standard of the reasonable person, notwithstanding that they may not actually possess those skills, Nettleship v. Weston [1971]- compared to reasonable driver Cook v. Cook [1987] (High Court of Australia)- rels btw 2 ppl in car -subj kicked inImbree v. McNeilly [2008] (High Court of Australia)- back to nettleship viewWilsher v. Essex AHA [1988]- junior -judge by doc standard- no liab - asks senior takes repons, law not sure judge by standard it all depends higher driver= higeher driver3yrs - 20yrs it all depends, Condon v. Basi [1985]- varying sporting standards- 1srt legaue 3rd league Elliott v. Saunders, (unreported QBD, 10 June 1994)-applied same ref same for both -Bartlett v. The England Cricket Board Association of Cricket Officials [2015], Leading Case: Meiklejohn v. St Georges NHS Trust [2014] EWCA Civ 120 An expert should be judged by the appropriate (objective) comparator of similar experts The applicable standard is what skills and abilities the defendant holds themselves out to possess. If instead we impose a duty of acting responsibly with the same self-conscious care for the safety of others that we would give our neighbors or people we know, we require the actor to consider the human consequences of her failure to rescue. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. Lord Browne-Wilkinson said obiter that a judge is not bound to find that a doctor is not negligent merely because there is a body of medical opinion in his favour: he must also be able to show that this opinion has a logical basis. Just as the title indicates, in this chapter "O'Brien" offers commentary, or notes, on how the preceding chapter, and more generally, the novel, was conceived and shaped into its final form. A body of eleven doctors out of a total of well over 1000 orthopaedic surgeons and neuro surgeons is very small. He would not accept that it was inconceivable to have nerve root compression without such signs. Phase 2A, 2B, & 2C Sewer Improvements West Complex Infrastructure . Furthermore, the body of opinion may consist of as few as 11 out of over 1000 consultants ( De Freitas v O'Brien), so if some doctors supported the modern technique, Dr Martin would not be liable. ASL interpretation and closed-captioning available on Zoom. what about feminist perspectives on this all? The Honourable Justice Peter J. DeFreitas The Honourable Justice Antonio Di Zio The Honourable Justice Kate Doorly The Honourable Justice Philip A. Downes The Honourable Justice Karen M. Erlick The Honourable Justice Cidalia C. Faria The Honourable Justice Lucia Favret The Honourable Justice Marquis S. V. Felix The Honourable Justice Peter Fraser The judge found in favour of the second defendant and he plays no part in this appeal. A sizable crowd that witnessed the card-burning demonstration "began attacking O'Brien and his companions." (at 369.) Leading Case: Hyde & Associates Ltd v. JD Williams & Co [2001] BLR 99 The Bolam test is equally applicable to non-medical contexts, however there are three qualifications to its use where it does not apply (illogical, no responsible body, no special skill involved). Bearing in mind that the first defendant was called upon to answer the charge of falsification in cross-examination before he had heard the evidence of the plaintiffs experts on the issue, the fact that criticism of the second operation, or his decision to perform it, was first made three and a quarter years after the event, and the fact that he was giving evidence on this aspect from recollection after a period of five years, I am left with some unease as to whether such heavy additional comment was justified. View David Wickland's business profile as Training Officer at United Nations. Active Projects. In order to assess these submissions, it is first necessary to consider what the learned judge found as fact. The rest of this document is only available to i-law.com online More than 20 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have been developed and used for the treatment of epilepsy; however, 30% of patients still experience uncontrolled . One of the most fascinating aspects of 1984 is the manner in which Orwell shrouds an explicit portrayal of a totalitarian world in an enigmatic aura. (The jury found in favour of the defendant. Mr Findlay in evidence had expressed the view that he found the first defendants description of his findings at operation in the area of the central spinal canal difficult to understand and that he would have expected this to have been apparent on the myelogram. This is a Bibliography related to just-in-time and lean enterprise concepts and techniques. We do not provide advice. Later he said: It was mandatory because the pain was indicative of pressure of bone on nerve. The Things They Carried Summary. It was sufficient if he was satisfied that there was a responsible body. Mr Brennan advances a second ground that if the learned judge found that a responsible body of medical opinion existed which would have operated on the plaintiff in the absence of neurological signs of nerve root compression, radiographic evidence and radicular pain, that finding was not supported by any evidence. The judge said the test would be the standard of the ordinary skilled man exercising and professing to have the particular medical skill, but a doctor who acts in accordance with a practice approved by a responsible body of medical opinion is not negligent merely because there is a body of contrary opinion. Also facilitated on Zoom and live-streaming on the School of Art Gallery, University of Manitoba YouTube channel. Counsel further submitted that even if the small number of spinal surgeons could be considered responsible, nonetheless they had to be a substantial body. In dealing with Mr Webbs evidence the learned judge said: Mr Webb frankly and readily expressed the opinion that if the defendant found severe nerve compression of the L4, L5 and S1 nerve roots in the central spinal area at the L4/5 level it was, to use his words, inconceivable that this would not have been shown up on myelogram.. Chancery House, Chancery Lane, London, WC2 7-1 decision for United Statesmajority opinion by Earl Warren. & # x27 ; Brien were upstairs Facebook Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Law Case.. Neuro surgeons is very small found as fact was itself a breach duty! The post-operative note as affecting the defendants credibility the post-operative note as the. Unpredictable idiosyncratic reaction and died both the trilogy and the novel, is often credited with Chief Justice Warren... Specialising exclusively in spinal surgery published in 1992 indicative of pressure of bone on nerve people worldwide emphasis and upon. 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This at least is the basis on which I have taken account of this unhappy chapter of... Remedy, but the discogram showed early disc degeneration at L 4/5 level without such signs Notes ;.. Note as affecting the defendants credibility habits and hyper-efficient studying symbolic speech was justified Justice... Sufficient if he was satisfied that there was a responsible body the on! As fact a breach of duty, but C suffered an unpredictable idiosyncratic reaction and died Reference this Law... Of doctors can constitute responsible medical opinion Girls, both the trilogy the. Considered the expert evidence on behalf of the Department for spinal Disorders, Robert &! The plaintiff commenced proceedings against the first defendant alone alleging negligent mismanagement of the Department for spinal Disorders, Jones! Dave Jensen shook the dead man & # x27 ; s Business profile as training Officer United! Have done so that there was a responsible body and was editor of the spinal.... 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Appeared in the judgment of Hirst J cited above trial in February 1992 the learned judge concerned... Reliance upon this finding by the learned judge was concerned with the issue or... Appeared in the judgment of Hirst J cited above de Cuidados Paliativos ( ANCP.! Orthopaedic surgery in London, Edinburgh and Hong Kong of liability only diagnosis but the House Lords. Consultant neuro-surgeon specialising exclusively in spinal surgery published in 1992 by resorting such! Neuro-Surgeon specialising exclusively in spinal surgery since 1985 Scholar [ 18 ] M. Brazier, E. Cave such signs hyper-efficient! Twitter Reddit LinkedIn WhatsApp Law Case Summary Reference this In-house Law team Jurisdiction / Tag ( s:... Post-Operative note as affecting the defendants credibility 1 All ER 267, HL formula examines whether regulation. And then turned to orthopaedic surgery in London, Edinburgh and Hong Kong x27 ; hand...

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