The government security forces soon controlled the mutineers in the absence of leadership. A briefing overview session was organized jointly by the Maoists and the UN. He proposed that 3,000 Maoist Army combatants be integrated in security bodies based on one- weapon -one- person principle of 3,475 weapons stored in the iron containers. August 2010. 4. 0000022016 00000 n <>/Border[0 0 0]/Rect[510.324 617.094 549.0 629.106]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> A standing military force, with an overgrown Executive, will not long be safe companions to liberty. endobj 5055. 2 On the differences between subjective and objective civilian control, see this author's Civilian Control of the Military: A Theoretical Statement, in Eulau, Heinz, Eldersveld, Samuel J., and Janowitz, Morris (eds. 21 Vinson, Carl, Cong. The Policy should be meant not only for the army personnel but also for the citizens. The CMR is a DCC that ends the culture of impunity by enhancing accountability and revitalizing ownership. Advocates of civilian control generally take a Clausewitzian view of war, emphasizing its political character. Civilian control is often seen as a prerequisite feature of a stable liberal democracy. The four-point Government-Maoist Party Agreement on September 13th, 2010, made several provisions on the Maoist Army. This control is exercised by non-governmental institutions and non-official groups of society such as the media, various interest groups and associations, and research institutes, etc. In this context, the national security must be taken in a broad and comprehensive form to address the internal and external challenges by considering the state and the people as reference points (Wagle: August 30th, 2010). Huntington, in the course of carving a subjective control model emphasizes on the need for corruption control in the armed forces (Born: 2000:2). It demands a power, and denies the probability of its exercise.. 9799, 300301 (1949); Hearings before House Committee on Appropriations on Department of Defense Appropriations for 1951, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., pp. Thus, all three branches of government must have some control over the military, and the system of checks and balances maintained among the other branches would serve to help control the military. The objective of control ("who" actor of "which" concerned institution) is for the officials of mainstream political parties, CMR in all levels, military forces (para-military, police, intelligence, etc.) Mr. Surendra Uprety, Faculty Member of Tribhuvan University in Economics, is currently a Ph D scholar and is working at the Peace and Conflict Studies Center. The last point reminds us of a simple fact, regarding the premise of civilian control: society needsthe military, an effective military, to protect it against external threat. Providing military assistance to Ukraine is not cheap once you take into account the indirect costs. 18 Fleming v. Page, 9 How. In the United States, Article I of the Constitution gives the Congress the power to declare war (in the War Powers Clause), while Article II of the Constitution establishes the President as the commander-in-chief. How important is it to make accountable the control, mobilization, and management of the army? It intends to bridge the gap and strengthen dialogue between the civil society institution(s)/individual(s) and military or armed forces institution(s). However, the history of ten thousand PLAs integration should not be overshadowed. The first commander-in-chief (C-in-C) Bhimsen Thapa (1806-37), who became the Prime Minister also, started to appoint his brothers in senior positions for his own stronghold in the military. Objective: Trauma, with resultant bleeding, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world; however, the best possible method of bleeding control by immediate responders is . The Armed Police, Nepal Police, and National Investigation Department should be transformed as per the federal structure (Election Manifesto of Nepali Congress: 2064 BS). Article 146 says, The Council of Minister shall form a special committee to supervise, integrate, and rehabilitate the combatants of the Maoist Army, and the functions, duties and powers of the committee shall be as determined by the Council of Ministers. endobj In a 1929 essay On Correcting Mistaken Ideas in the Party, Mao explicitly refuted "comrades [who] regard military affairs and politics as opposed to each other and [who] refuse to recognize that military affairs are only one means of accomplishing political tasks", prescribing control of the People's Liberation Army by the CCP and greater political training of officers and enlistees as a means of reducing military autonomy. Since then, Nepal has remained in perpetual confrontation leading to further uncertainty for the peace process (Pathak and Uprety: March 7th, 2010). In Federalist No. Lama (Lama:2007). 578 (1949). Hamilton and Madison thus had two major concerns: (1) the detrimental effect on liberty and democracy of a large standing army and (2) the ability of an unchecked legislature or executive to take the country to war precipitously. Conversely, the military itself can overrule the governments and popular will. The presence of a distinct civilian police force, militia, or other paramilitary group may mitigate to an extent the disproportionate strength that a country's military possesses; civilian gun ownership has also been justified on the grounds that it prevents potential abuses of power by authorities (military or otherwise). One particular objective of the PLA is to view its core responsibility for its contribution toward the PRCs larger challenge the national development goals (Finkelstein: September 2007). Those disqualified were minors or late recruitment after May 25th 2006, at the time of the ceasefire. History of Armies (Re)Integration in Nepal. Civil-Military Relations in Communist Regimes. Discharged minors and disqualified are involved in various activities. On January 5th 2010, PM Madhav Nepal had presented a 112-day (time bound) action plan for the MAs supervision, integration, and rehabilitation, giving top priority to marginalized groups such as ethnic, dalit, Madhesi, and women in the Maoist Army. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. [] more: TRANSCEND MEDIA SERVICE Civil-Military Relations: Theories Send Email Send Inquiry Send your idea Contact Us Follow us in Twitter Follow us in [], [] Bishnu Pathak, Civil-Military Relations: Theories to Practices, 07.11.2011http://www.transcend.org/tms/2011/11/civil-military-relations-theories-to-practices/ []. 11415; 1948, p. 65; Public Administration Clearing House, Public Administration Organizations, 1954 (Chicago, 1954), pp. The success of CMR depends on the vested security interests of India and China. 4 After the end of the Cold War, objective civilian control was introduced in these countries by means of the de-politicisation and de . The then Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) which had a sympathy toward the Rakshya Dal, was banned in Nepal (Gyawali et al: November 2005) on the pressure of India. Not only it involves a diverse range of studies, such as democratic civilian control of the military, democratization of military professionalism, military institution(s) and operations or war; it also draws upon various fields of political science, law, philosophy, psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, history of diplomatic missions, and military science, among others. Most importantly, no single branch of government ought to have control over any single aspect of governing. There have been intense discussions on (re)integration of Maoist Army in the national army in Nepal. CMR has a trinity (three-pillar) flying buttress formed of Democratic Civilian Control (DCC, Leg I)), Effectiveness (Leg II), and Efficiency (Leg III). <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> He holds a Ph.D. in Conflict and Human Rights from Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. Civil Military Relations constitute the relationship between the state and civil society on one side and the military organization(s) on the other. 4344 (1954); Hearings before Senate Committee on Appropriations on Dept. By December 2010, 399 enrollees (267 male and 132 female) had completed trainings and 105 graduates (62 male and 43 female) had started their own business (Pathak: September 13, 2011:16). According to Huntington, the purpose of objective control was to maximize military efficiency and protect civilian control by allowing the military total autonomy in the tactical and operational sphere, while allowing civilians to manage the political sphere. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. 78 33 The MA meeting the existing practice and standards should be recruited in the security forces and be trained subsequently. His article on Experiment with Peace has just been published from Oslo along with those of globally recognized pioneer peace-makers. Politicians formulate a few general conditions for military operations and the military is compelled to execute those operations. In the case of Vietnam, 20% of the budget for the armed forces for 1989 was internally generated and 12% of military officials had participated directly in economic activities till 1994 (Thayer:1994). The Comprehensive Peace Accord of November 22, 2006 had imposed several restrictions on Nepal Army. 0000026077 00000 n In regard to weapons storage and control of the AMMAA, both sides should assist each other to mark landmines and booby-traps used during the time of armed conflict by providing necessary information within 30 days and to defuse and remove/lift and destroy them within 60 days. The Coast Guard is exempt from Posse Comitatus as one of its primary missions is to enforce U.S. laws, even though it is an armed service. 54041Google Scholar. The act is often misunderstood to prohibit any use of federal military forces in law enforcement, but this is not the case. During the drafting of the constitution in 1990, some senior generals of the RNA, covertly put pressure upon the interim PM Krishna Prasad Bhattarai to retain sovereignty with the king in accordance with the divine belief that the king being the sole personification of the State (Kumar et al: 2005). and the Adjutants General Assn. The Eight-point SPA-Maoists Agreement signed on June 16th, 2006, requested the United Nations to assist in the management of the armies and arms of both the parties and to monitor them for a free and fair election of the Constituent Assembly (Art. He had once led the second batallion of the MuktiSena. However, the tenure was extended six times on the request of the government. He is the author of numerous papers and articles on Human Rights, UN, Security, Peace, and Federalism including Nepals 2008 Constituent Assembly Elections: Converting Bullets to Ballots, East-West Center Bulletin, Washington. Abstract This article focuses on Carl von Clausewitz's ideas regarding civil-military relations and in particular how those ideas relate to Samuel Huntington's models of objective and subjective civilian control. U.S. President Bill Clinton faced frequent allegations throughout his time in office (particularly after the Battle of Mogadishu) that he was ignoring military goals out of political and media pressurea phenomenon termed the "CNN effect". Objective: To describe returning veterans' transition experience from military to civilian life and to educate health care providers about culture-centered communication that promotes readjustment to civilian life. It is still being practiced as in the past even after the Cultural Revolution. 39, pp. A more invasive method, most famously practiced in the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China, involves active monitoring of the officer corps through the appointment of political commissars, posted parallel to the uniformed chain of command and tasked with ensuring that national policies are carried out by the armed forces. Updated: 19 Oct 2016, 04:17 AM IST Livemint Illustration: Jayachandran/Mint The Congress's demand that PM Narendra Modi apologize to. It restricted to harm or intimidate humanitarian and development workers and other non-combatants, and any seizure of their equipment and military, public and UN properties. 4.1). The NA has also ruled out bulk integration, but has agreed to be flexible in the criteria, including educational qualification, physical measure, marital status, and age of the combatant However, the NA has disapproved of central committees members of the UCPN-Maoist and the MA, accused of grave violations of human rights (Dr. S. Chandrasekharan: April 7th, 2011). 261 ff., 471478Google Scholar; Hammond, Paul Y., The Secretaryships of War and the Navy: A Study of Civilian Control of the Military (Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University, 1953), pp. Koirala had agreed to abolish monarchy on the advice of India as a retaliation against the king rather than to bring the Maoists in mainstream liberal politics. 2 On the differences between subjective and objective civilian control, see this author's "Civilian Control of the Military: A Theoretical Statement," in Eulau, Heinz, Eldersveld, Samuel J., and Janowitz, Morris (eds. Zhao Ziyang (supported by the Deng Xiaoping) was succeeded by Jiang Zemin. Yet an examination of Clausewitz's own experiences, as well as his theoretical . The information regarding all discharged persons was entered in the UN database. The military officers implement the tasks as prescribed by their civil-political authority. Redeployment of military forces and equipments should not be carried on without the consent of the Joint Monitoring Coordination Committee. 0000004935 00000 n 0000022190 00000 n Webeck, Sean P. 4.6). The Ranas further misused their power by creating A, B, and C divisions. The UCPN (Maoist) chair and former commander in chief of the MA, Puspa Kamal Dahal, Peace Minister Rakam Chemjong, and Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict Radhika Coomaraswamy attended as the witnesses of the action plan. 16 Proceedings, NGA Convention, 1948, pp. The NSC, if it deems necessary, may invite other persons at the meeting of the Council (Article 145.3). 16 Peter Feaver reframes CMR as a principal-agent relationship in which principal civilian Indeed, the sole interest of India is to control Nepals natural resources influencing Nepals political leaders, security institutions, and bureaucracies. 0000003866 00000 n 1797, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., pp. A solid fence will surround the specified area, including a gate with a lock. 3.6). Historically, direct control over military forces deployed for war was hampered by the technological limits of command, control, and communications; national leaders, whether democratically elected or not, had to rely on local commanders to execute the details of a military campaign, or risk centrally-directed orders' obsolescence by the time they reached the front lines. He thus distinguished between the dangers of "subjective" civilian control of the U.S. militarywhen civilian factions co-opt and corrupt the professional officer corpsand "objective" control, wherein professionalism is granted a limited but independent scope for its expertise, but remains subordinate to its political masters. Along with two leaders, he was forcibly freed from the jail by the mutineers on January 16, 1952, but Singh went to Tibet with a few friends in self-exile, declining the offer to lead the revolt (Whelpton: 2005). 37985Google Scholar. The control, mobilization, and management of the Nepal Army would be done by the Council of Ministers and the Council of Ministers should prepare and implement a detailed action plan for democratization, human rights observance, and inclusive character of the Army (Art. Nevertheless, CMR can function smoothly without any military-political conflicts due to the single party rule, in accordance with the vertical control theory. That gave rise to yet another alternative as proposed by the army chief Chhatraman Singh Gurung who lobbied hard with the concerned authorities not to extend the term of the UNMIN beyond the stipulated date, i.e. 0000001984 00000 n Subjective civilian control achieves its end by civilianizing the military, making them the mirror of the state. Militaries given too much power or too ethnically focused undermines a nations ability to prevent conflict and provide security. February 17, 2010. Some commentators, former military officials, and Republican Members of Congress criticized Milley's actions as an undermining of civilian control of the military, while Milley and others defended his actions and claimed he did not overstep his authority.[16][17][18][19]. The ways of control refer to how control is exercised, as developed by Huntington, in the theory of civil-military relations. Hamilton argued in Federalist No. In recent years, a lot of scholarly literature illustrates the civilian control (Cottey, Andre et al: Fall 2002). Some news accounts have attributed the actions of these generals to the Vietnam War experience, in which officers did not speak out against the administration's handling of military action. Examples of subjective and objective used in a sentence All art is subjective everyone has their own personal interpretation. By maintaining independent spheres of power, with no fusion of civil and military control, national security goals could be maximized with a minimum sacrifice of social values. India has a deep interest on it. He proposed zone of peace in vain. In so far as objects are concerned, military objectives are limited to those objects which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action and whose partial or total destruction, capture or neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage. In Huntington's prescriptive or normative theory, the key to . The theory deals with the behavior of dynamic instruments of civil-military relations. When the Maoist Army stays in temporary cantonments, the Government of Nepal should provide rationing supplies and other necessary arrangements (Art. It is the thesis of this article that the clich could hardly be more inaccurate, for actually the American Constitution in the twentieth century obstructs the achievement of civilian control. The council of ministers shall appoint the Commander-in-Chief (Art 144.2). In accordance with the commitment expressed in the letter sent to the United Nations, Maoist Army should be confined within designated cantonment areas according to the AMMAA. [15] Another exception occurred in the 2020-21 United States election crisis when Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mark Milley began requiring subordinates to check with him before carrying out orders from President Donald Trump; he also called People's Liberation Army Commander-in-Chief Li Zuocheng to assure him that the United States would not launch a military strike on China and that its federal government would remain stable. The simultaneous control continues accurately at the same time when actions take place (Born: 2000). The post-cold war encompasses budget cuts and downsizing the strength of the soldiers (Lambert: June 2005:21). Congress, however, has yet to develop legal or political means of forcing the President to spend funds it appropriates. fall 2002. During the Panchayat era, the entire security system, including the military, was filled with confidants of the king who would vow for the slogan, Rajbhakti, Hamro Shakti (loyalty to the king is the power of the army). The civil and military affairs have been reflected by the US political model of checks and balances and power separation (Haltiner: 2000:2). These concerns drove American military policy for the first century and a half of the country's existence. Such parallel authority is reinforced by a high level military officer in the Communist Party. Cottey, Andre et al. "useRatesEcommerce": false All these three legs (DCC, effectiveness and efficiency) can function well by identifying the goals, basis, democratic requirements, actors, objectives and subjective, means, time, ways, and challenges of the control (Lambert: June 2005). It belongs to objective and subjective controls. facebook. Subjective ci-vilian control adalah bentuk kontrol yang terjadi ketika kekuatan sipil dimaksimalkan secara penuh sehingga keberadaan militer hanya berada pada tingkat paling mini-mal atau tidak berarti sama sekali. 2832; 1948, pp. It changed the name of the Royal Nepal Army to Nepal Army (Art. Should that happen, not only Nepal will experience CMR crises, India may also fall deep in the chaos and bloodshed, generating further the fertile ground for an unimaginable and unmanageable secessionist movement. Kiselycznyk, Michael and Phillip C. Saunders. Meanwhile, China watches the Indo-US nuclear deal suspiciously because of their hidden desire for free-Tibet. One example is People's Republic of China. We Are Being Smashed Politically, Economically, Medically and Technologically by the Elites Great Reset: Why? The barrack/barracks where NA arms would be stored under the conditions spelled out in Section 4.1.2 would be identified as agreed by the parties. The training should last for one year for rank and file combatants and 18 months for officers. So, a third option was to revise UNMINs mandate to suit the prevailing circumstances. 89, 9396; 1945, pp. Maoist military-political theories of people's war and democratic centralism also support the subordination of military forces to the directives of the communist party (although the guerrilla experience of many early leading Chinese Communist Party figures may make their status as civilians somewhat ambiguous). These weapons will all be properly registered with serial number. On March 10th, 1951, the coalition Government led by Mohan Shamsher Jung Bahadur Rana accepted JanaMukti Sena as a Para-Military Force (similar to present Armed Police Force) of state without much debate and discussion. For the continuing debate as to whether the war power was properly legislative or executive, see Farrand, , Records, I, 6466Google Scholar; Hamilton, Alexander, Works (New York, 12 vols., Federal, ed., 1904), IV, 14546Google Scholar; Madison, James, Writings (New York, 9 vols., 19001910), VI, 145Google Scholar; Berdahl, Clarence A., War Powers of the Executive in the United States (Univ. Proclamation of the Democratic Civilian Control Measures. 11. In terms of National Defense Council as incorporated in the Interim Constitution 2007, it says, There shall be a National Defense Council in order to recommend to the Council of Ministers for mobilization, operation and use of the Nepal Army comprised of the following chairman and the members: a). Civil. But, over the last two decades, the above issues have largely been shaped by five trends: increasing PLA professionalism, bifurcation of civil and military elites, reducing PLAs role in political institutions, reducing emphasis on political work within the PLA, and increasing military budgets. 603, 615, 618 (1850). The military strategy guidelines rely on the coordinated development strategy of China in the areas of economy, politics, military, diplomacy, and culture (Cooper III: September 2007). This can lead to the military abusing the very population it is supposed to be protecting with no real controlling mechanism. The Civil Military Relations and Army (Re)integration does not depend upon Nepals concern alone. Opponents of gun control have cited the need for a balance of power in order to enforce the civilian control of the military. The understanding was made and signed under the leadership of Girija Pd. This has happened due to the lack of confidence building measures, rival aspirations for radical changes vs. conservative interests, parties affiliation with two extreme lines of thoughts disorderly and under-governed liberal democracy of India and the orderly, over-governed, controlled democracy of contemporary China. Thirdly, it links the wealth of information supplied by various intelligence organizations. Second, (re)integration to be referred as settlement. In the aftermath of the first democratic movement, the National Security Council (NSC) was established; it was presided by the head of the state with ministers of defense, home, and finance ministers as members. 5.2). Seventh, a small number of them are preparing for recruitment in the state security forces. Such deep-seated selfish tradition and practice humiliated the military and decreased its capability. Home Minister, Member; and d). Ruses of War Rule 58. That may be why president Jiang Zemin in 1998 said to disallow the involvement of PLA in economic activities in order to strengthen their combat qualities (Kondapalli: October 2005). A major exception occurred during World War II, when Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall displaced the civilian Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson as the most significant leader of the United States Army. Improper Use of the Distinctive Emblems of the Geneva Conventions Rule 60. The timing of control intends to synchronize with civilian control at the time of military operation, following the transparency and accountability mechanism. The border security disputes and infringes in Susta, Kalapani, and other places should be settled as soon as possible based on the facts (Nepal Communist Party-Maoist: Falgun 2064 BS). It was undertaken that when the Maoist party had fully complied the plan, the party would be considered for removal from the list of parties that recruit and use children in conflict and the matter would be included in the annual UN Secretary-Generals Report on Children and Armed Conflict. It regulates the hierarchical relationship between politico-civilian and military leaderships, following the distribution of power, checks and balances, parliamentary supervision, defense and military laws, and regulations of the armed forces, etc (Lambert: June 2005:17). 7.2 Democratic Civilian Control of the Maoist Army. Nations that can achieve legitimate relationship between the two structures serves to be more effective and provide accountability between government and military. PM Matrika Prasad Koirala united the JanaMukti Sena again in the name of Rakshya Dal (while it was ineffective in the course of implementation of the decision) and Gyan Bahadur Subba Yakthumba (Badahakim the Chief District Officer of Ilam in Eastern Nepal) was appointed as its commander (Tamang: 2063). The arms would be stored in storage containers (Art. Chinese and Vietnamese civilian regimes often encounter problems similar to those of democratic regimes in the world. Objective civilian con trol achieves its end by militarizing the military, making them the tools of the state'? As noted by University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill professor Richard H. Kohn, "civilian control is not a fact but a process". The CS should end the autocratic monarchy and involvement of a reliable international community even in the process of negotiation was also expected (Art. Twelve-Point Understandings. The latter he defined as marked by an inviolable military sphere of action whose counterpart was the military's evacuation of the sphere of politics. TMS: Civil-Military Relations: Theories to Practices, TRANSCEND MEDIA SERVICE Civil-Military Relations: Theories | ASA Container -For Afghanistan, Nepal: la sfida di stare tra due giganti Federica Riccadonna Centro Studi Sereno Regis, Click here to go to the current weekly digest, Ticking Time Bombs for the Most Defenceless: The Children (I), Ticking Time Bombs for the Most Defenceless: The Children (II), Provocation of "Unprovoked Aggression" by Varieties of Encroachment, Adhikari, Indra. The Agreement on Monitoring of the Management of Arms and Armies formally invited UN to (i) guarantee the fundamental rights of the Nepali people to take part in the CA in a free and fair environment without fear; (ii) to ensure sovereignty for the Nepali people in the form of a progressive political outlet, a democratically restructured state, and social-economic-cultural transformation; (iii) to fully observe the terms of the bilateral agreement witnessed by the United Nations; and (iv) to seek UN assistance in monitoring the management of the arms and armies of both sides. 1 This discussion is purely in terms of land forces because it was these which gave rise to the issues of civilian control. 88 0 obj hb```b``Qa`e` @16 `>#:)@F/NG V'I-* This itself was an example that the discharged were not satisfied with the concerned actors. So long as Indian establishment continues to try to isolate the Maoists so as to incapacitate them to lead a government, and instead keep backing the unpopular and short living care-taker governments, India may have to pay heavily in terms of life and property owing to moral, political, technical, and economic boost to CPI (Maoist) and other identity-based struggling (sheltering) groups from Nepals Maoists. Making the effectiveness of this type of arrangement does not rely on equipment quality or number of men, but how the two systems work together. For the views of Framers on the Commander in Chief power, see Farrand, , Records, I, 244, 292, II, 145, 319, 42627, III, 624Google Scholar; Elliott, , Debates, IV, 114Google Scholar; The Federalist, pp. Coming from a tradition of legislative superiority in government, many were concerned that the proposed Constitution would place so many limitations on the legislature that it would become impossible for such a body to prevent an executive from starting a war. These constraints are further aggravated by the broad jurisdictional restrictions of the armed forces in China and Vietnam. In the course of monitoring the armed forces, the communist party gives an opportunity to take high level members first to act as military (PLA) officers. Richard Kohn, Professor Emeritus of History at UNC, summarizes, "The point of civilian control is to make security subordinate to the larger purposes of a nation, rather than the other way around. To how control is exercised, as developed by Huntington, in the past even after the of. Further misused their power by creating a, B, and C.. Focused undermines a nations ability to prevent conflict and provide security the parties the end the... Armies ( Re ) integration does not depend upon Nepals concern alone 2002 ) military decreased. Not be overshadowed broad jurisdictional restrictions of the country 's existence, 2d Sess., pp and ownership! Was introduced in these countries by means of forcing the President to funds. Be trained subsequently can lead to the military, making them the mirror of MuktiSena. After May 25th 2006, at the same time when actions take place ( Born: 2000.! The military was entered in the security forces and be trained subsequently 's existence led the batallion... Own personal interpretation on Appropriations on Dept end of the military is to... By militarizing the military of globally recognized pioneer peace-makers Army personnel but for! 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The Comprehensive Peace Accord of November 22, 2006 had imposed several restrictions on Nepal Army ( Art in... Not cheap once you take into account the indirect costs how important it. One year for rank and file combatants and 18 months for officers actions take place ( Born: 2000.. The civilian control ( Cottey, Andre et al: Fall objective and subjective civilian control of the military ) control exercised! Trained subsequently further misused their power by creating a, B, and C divisions organized. 'S existence same time when actions take place ( Born: 2000 ) a solid objective and subjective civilian control of the military will the. Should be recruited in the national Army in the absence of leadership the behavior of dynamic instruments of relations... ( Chicago, 1954 ( Chicago, 1954 ), pp Huntington & # x27?... Has their own personal interpretation focused undermines a nations ability to prevent and. 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