Rajaraja also expanded his conquests in the north and northwest. [15] The Cholas controlled the area around of Bay of Bengal and turned it to Chola Lake. Rajaraja created a powerful standing army and a considerable navy which achieved even greater success under his son Rajendra. Rajaraja Chola I (Tamil: ), considered as the greatest king of the Chola Empire by many, ruled between 985 and 1014 C.E. There are varying accounts of what caused Rajendra Chola to embark on his South-East Asian campaign. An example of the prologue (known as the Meikeerthi) from an inscription by Rajaraja follows:[25], . Rajaraja was succeeded by Rajendra Chola I. On the way Vimalathithan meets Rajendran and he warns Rajendran that it is all Bala Devar's plot and to remain careful. We know about such base building activities down south in Pandyan country and also near Suchindram and Colombo in Lanka where the Cholas are known to have built naval bases and also " some temples for Lord Vishnu ". The invasion of the kingdom of Kalinga must have occurred subsequent to the conquest of Vengi. Not at all. Vimalathithan tells all the townspeople of how Bala Devar is the reason for his imprisonment and that the whole empire will face ruin. At any rate all these transactions show that the king created in them an interest in the temple he built. He conducted inquiries into temple affairs in various parts of the country, punishing defaulters. Though overwhelmed by the strength and rapidity of the Chola advance, Satyasraya soon recovered and, by hard fighting, rolled back the invasion. At the end of that war, the southern banks of the Thungabadhra river became the frontier between those two empires. But we do know that the rulers of these two conquered provinces were originally feudatories of the Rashtrakutas. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Raja_Raja_Chola_I&oldid=1090867, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Scholar N.Sethuraman concludes that he was born in circa 947 CE, was crowned on 18 July 985 and died in 1014 in the Tamil month of Maka.[4]. It is possible that these royal names were pre-fixed to the designations of these regiments after they had distinguished themselves in some engagement or other. Some essential details about Rajaraja: Reign: 985 C.E. Each of them set up a number of images in the Rajarajesvara temple and made gifts to them. This pushed Ho Chi Minh towards Leninism, and he conceptualised the anti-colonial and anti-imperialist struggle as an important step towards a transition to socialism and communism. He had established his rule extending from India up to South East Asia with his Naval Fleet. My Write up on "Meikeerthi" and its significance follows this post Rajendra Chola-I or gangaikonda Chola was from the vijayalaya Chola dynasty Reign: 1014 - 1044 CE. Rajaraja Chola-I, who was born as Arulmozhi Varman, is also . Bala Devar questions Rajaraja and tells him that Satyasiriyan will attack. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article Rajaraja responds by saying, if the golden statue of Nataraja is God himself then why can't these statues be saints? In a battle against the Cheras sometime before 1008 CE, Rajaraja captured Udagai in the western hill country. From the 23rd to the 29th year of Rajarajas rule his dominions enjoyed peace and the king apparently devoted his energies to the task of internal administration. He claims he asked Satyasiriyan to not fight but he never listened and he was about to get killed by Sataysiriyan when the Chola army entered the palace and Satyasiriyan ran away. [10], To eliminate the remaining actor in the triumvirate, Rajaraja invaded ancient Sri Lanka in 993 CE. Paluvettaraiyars from the region of Thiruchirapalli were closely associated with the Cholas from the time of Parantaka I when he married a Paluvettaraiyar princess, were occupying a high position in the Chola administration. The historical side of Rajarajas intellectual nature is further manifested in the order he issued to have all the grants made to the Thanjavur temple engraved on stone. Ho Chi Minh would develop this critique of European civilisation in a later article on Civilisation That Kills, subtitled How the whites have been civilising the blacks. Berikut penyebab keruntuhnya Kerajaan Sriwijaya. There, Lenin articulated how and why communists should seek to support all national revolutionary movements in the East. Gandhi was less of a direct influence on him, though he was well known for his strong emphasis on morality and simplicity. From the land of Vietnam, today a wind has come to ask Cholas made the city of Polonnaruwa as their capital and renamed it Jananathamangalam. Without a portrait of the king or verified statue, all only know about his reign, little attests to his potent personality and the firm grasp of his intellect. In most of the foregoing names the first portion appears to be the surnames or titles of the king himself or of his son. [19] We lack further details regarding that expedition; that indicates of the abilities of the Chola Navy, utilized so effectively under Rajendra I. Chola Navy also had played a major role in the invasion of Lanka. [36] Rajajraja leaves and Bala Devar gives the poison to Poonkodi. The life and living conditions of the Cholas had always fascinated the people. Aridurgalanghana-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar. The idea of Rajaraja to add a short account of his military achievements at the beginning of every one of his inscriptions was entirely his own. By conquering several small kingdoms in South India, he expanded the Chola Empire as far as Sri Lanka in the south, and Kalinga (Odisha) in the northeast. [34][35] Rajaraja had a number of wives. Historians like James Heitzman, Wolfgang Schenkluhn conclude that this confrontation displayed the degree of animosity on a personal level between the rulers of the Chola and the Chalukya kingdoms, the feeling of otherness and their inability to identify with the other side that degenerated to a level of violence that overthrew the established social order(destruction of caste). Rajaraja also perfected the administrative organization by creating a strong, centralized structure, and by appointing local government authorities. He was made his heir apparent and Co-Regent in 1146 and so the inscriptions of Rajaraja II count his reign from 1146. A glimpse of the prosperity and cultural power of the Cholas can be ascertained from the fact that more than 300 temples in the state were built during their rule. He allied with Pandyas and Cheras against the common archenemy Cholas. That is why he built Brihadishvara temple. [26] Kundavai married Vandiyadevar, a Bana prince. Also there is another novel "Cherar Kottai" by the same author, which deals with the Kandhalur invasion by Rajaraja Chola. Due to Rajaraja's desire to record his military achievements in every one of his inscriptions he handed down to posterity some of the important events of his life. It is worthy of note that there are elephant troops, cavalry and foot soldiers among these regiments. The oppression of Africans and of Blacks in the US seems to have affected Ho Chi Minh deeply. The actual invasion of Vengi must have occurred at a later date than that expedition. Satyasiriyan runs back into his palace whose minister, Bala Devar, devises a plan to destroy Raja Raja Chola. The Mail said, "As befitting the distinction, it is lavishly mounted, carefully produced and studded with stars. The management of certain minor shrines of the temple had been entrusted to some of those regiments, with the expectation that they provide for the requirements of the shrine. 2. Rajendran attacks and hurts Vimalathithan, then apologises and asks him to come to the Chola empire. Rajaraja's men get three palanquins and he opens them to show the golden statues of the saint-poets. According to historian Eugen Hultzsch the circumstances that led to the war are not mentioned in any of Rajaraja's inscriptions. Rajaraja leaves for the capital with Bala Devar. Adigal Paluvettaraiyar Kandan Maravan had been one of the names of those feudal chieftains found in inscriptions. The name of the third daughter is not known. During the lifetime of his father Sundara Chola, Arulmozhivarman had carved a name for himself through his exploits in the battles against the Sinhala and Pandyan armies. The Kalingattu-Parani refers to the "storming of Udagai" in the verse, which alludes to the reign of Rajaraja. Setelah kejadian wafatnya Raja Balaputradewa pada tahun 835 M, Kerajaan Sriwijaya hampir tidak menemukan lagi . She built the shrine called Uttara-Kailasa in the Panchanadesvara temple at Tiruvaiyaru near Thanjavur and made many gifts to it. [30][32] Rajaraja thus became to be known as Tirumurai Kanda Cholan meaning one who saved the Tirumurai. Thus there is no truth in the proposition of "Chola Throne" ties with "Vengi". Sweden Quran burning row reaches Mumbai, poster of Bajrang Dal leader found pasted on streets [Viral Pictures] 4. Rajaraja appears before him, and Bala Devar tells him that Vimalathithan is turning the whole empire against Rajaraja. From that time, Chalukyas became the main antagonists of Cholas in the northwest. It is well known that the spread of capitalism and the discovery of the New World had as an immediate result the rebirth of slavery which was, for centuries, a scourge for the Negroes and a bitter disgrace for mankind.. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. In January 2007, Kaviri mainthan - a novel set in the Chola period and a sequel to Ponniyin Selvan written by Anusha Venkatesh, published by The Avenue Press. Personal Life and Family. [25] After its commemoration the temple and the capital had close business relations with the rest of the country and acted as a centre of both religious and economic activity. He called himself Sivapadha Sekaran. His empire stretched from as far as Sri Lanka in the south, and Kalinga (Orissa) in the northeast. During the visit, a rally was held with the working people of the People's Yard, where a logger was launched from the dock. The President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, and his party on 27.7.1957 paid a visit to the People Stralsund and the Island of Riems. The heart of the story revolves around the mysteries surrounding the assassination of Aditya II and the subsequent accession of Uttama to the Chola throne. His elder brother Aditya II was assassinated c. 969 CE. Kalingattuparani, a war poem written during the reign of Kulothunga Chola I hints at a slight on the Chola ambassador to the Chera court as the reason for this sacking of Udagai. Baladevar acts angry at Poonkodi and tells the emperor he never realised how evil Poonkodi was. The invasion of the Ganga country was a success and the entire Ganga country was under the Chola rule for the next century. Viramadevi vows that she will stop loving Rajendra as she cannot bear such accusations. He observed that the Black continent has been drenched in blood with murders blessed by the Church and conscientiously perpetrated by todays colonial administrators. [17] He says that his opponent destroyed the caste (jti nsa) of his people. The Vietnamese people and leadership showed unparalleled bravery in their fight against French colonialism and American imperialism. His natal star was Sadhayam. Before his 14th year c. 998-999 CE, Rajaraja conquered Gangapadi (Gangawadi) and Nurambapadi (Nolambawadi), which formed part of the present Karnataka State. He installed a system of audit and control holding to account the village assemblies and other public bodies while protecting their autonomy. View history Rajaraja II was a chola emperor who reigned from 1150 CE to 1173 CE. The irony of the Vietnam war was captured beautifully in a speech by Martin Luther King Jr., offering a fierce indictment: We were taking the black young men who had been crippled by our society and sending them eight thousand miles away to guarantee liberties in Southeast Asia which they had not found in southwest Georgia and East Harlem.. [3] Umapathy wanted to film in Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, but as he was denied permission, an identical set was constructed in Vasu Studios. Saktivarman, recognizing that he owed everything to Rajaraja, consented to recognize the Chola over lordship. Kalingattuparani, a war poem written during the reign of Kulothunga Chola I, hints at a slight on the Chola ambassador to the Chera court as the reason for that sacking of Udagai. Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (left) and Vietnamese President Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi, October 18, 1954. An inscription from the roof of the Gopalakrishna temple at Kaleyur in the Tirumukudalu Narasipur taluk dated in Saka 929 being current, Parabhava, corresponding to 1006 A.D, records that Rajaraja's viceroy Aprameya displayed his valor by slaying the Hoysala minister Naganna and multiple other generals of the Hoysalas like Manjaga, Kalega(or Kali Ganga), Nagavarman, etc. [36] [12], In a battle against the Cheras sometime before 1008 C.E., Rajaraja stormed and captured Udagai in the western hill country. 1. The emperor and empress leave to meet Karuvur Devar and are introduced to Tamizarasi, a poet and drama writer. Rajaraja Cholan is a 1973 Indian Tamil-language biographical film directed by A. P. Nagarajan and written by Aru Ramanathan. The choice of this city demonstrates the desire of Rajaraja to conquer the entire island. Raja Raja I had a special regiment called Valankai Velaikkara Cenai, which perhaps consisted mostly of Paraiya soldiers because the Paraiyas are called valankaimatrar (friends) in manuscripts . He would write several times on the importance of Lenin to the people of the East, who had a deep admiration and warm feelings for a country and a leader that supported their movement for liberation. SFI to screen banned BBC docu on PM Modi in Calcutta University, medical college. Thus Saiva literature which covers about 600 years of religious, philosophical and literary development.[33]. [1] He also had several temples for Vishnu constructed. Rajarajas inscriptions indicate that the Chola army elephants wrought havoc on the banks of the river Tungabhadra. Ho Chi Minh: Remembering the King and the Saint, Why the Second World War Remains Relevant for India Today, Undoing Erasure: What the 4,000-Year History of Palestine Tells Us, In the Idea of an All India NRC, Echoes of Reich Citizenship Law. They also draw a parallel between this relationship and the enmity between the Chalukyas of Badami and the Pallavas of Kanchi. Chalukya kingdom Satyashraya would renege on his promise of agreeing to Chola suzerainty, but would be defeated by Rajendra Chola I when he became king. To commemorate these conquests Rajaraja assumed the title Mummudi-Chola, (the Chola king who wears three crowns the Chera, Chola and Pandya) and according to tradition the title Raja Raja was conferred on him by serving members of Chidambaram temple of ancient who had also the duty of conducting the swearing in ceremony of chola and pallava princes. Example of a typical lithic inscription of the Chola period. Wasn't he a Hindu then?" he said. He seemed to have a continuous desire to acquire knowledge that would help liberate his people, and left Vietnam at the age of 21 by finding work on a steamer ship as a cooks helper. Vimalathithan warns the emperor that Bala Devar should not be trusted, and Rajaraja tells him that the Vengi kingdom by the next full moon. Two students died and one student, Ranamitra Sen, was shot in the leg. A Ho Chi Minh bust in Kolkata. Thiruvalangadu inscription again states: The southern kingdoms of Pandyas, Cheras and the Sinhalas often allied against the Cholas. These comparisons reflect a deeper truth. It was celebrated as Sadhaya-nal vizha, a 7 day festival culminating on his star birthday during the king and his son's reign. There you had Mahatma Gandhi, here I am the Mahatma Gandhi. On another occasion, he said, I and others may be revolutionaries, but we are disciples of Mahatma Gandhi, directly or indirectly, nothing more nothing less. He was, of course, well aware of English colonisation and the Indian anti-colonial struggle, and he reportedly said once in a conversation comparing the Indian to the Vietnamese situation. Rajaraja was born Arulmozhivarman and was the third child of Parantaka Sundara Chola. Rajakanthirava-terinda-Valangai-Velaikkarar. Rajaraja also perfected the administrative organisation by creating a strong and centralised machinery and by appointing local government authorities. Detail of the main gopura (tower) of the Thanjavur Temple, One of the last conquests of Rajaraja was the naval conquest of the old islands of the sea numbering 12,000. Roy, who had debated Lenin in the Second Congress on the national and colonial question. The building of the Rajarajesvara temple in Thanjavur and the various endowments and gifts to it occupied a prominent place in the kings priorities during those years. # Who is the role model for Vietnam President? At the end of this war, the southern banks of the Tungabadhra river became the frontier between these two empires. The troubles seem to have started with Satayasrya and Rashtrakuta interference in the Vengi affairs. Bala Devar tells him to inform Satyasiriyan that on the eve of Rajajrja's birthday he plans to invite the emperor that night for a feast and poison him during the feast, and that Poonkodi is volunteering to aid them. Rajaraja failed to capture the Western Chalukya capital Manyakheta. According to inscriptions, at least 15 names are mentioned as his wives - Ulagamaga Deviyari,Thidaipiran magal Chola Madeviyar,Abhimanavaliyar,Thirailokiya Madeviyar,Panchavan Madeviyar,Piruthivi Madeviyar,Elada Madeviyar,Meenavan Madeviyar,Nakkan Thillai Alzagiyar,Kaadan Thongiyar,Koothan Veeraniyar,Elangon Pichiyar. He interacted with a wide range of people, with a delightful informality. The emperor replies that as long as he is the emperor and has confidence in his rule, he trusts his daughter to do the right thing. Perhaps more so than any other figure in the 20thcentury, Ho Chi Minh came to be at the centre of two great world revolutionary movements: the Russian revolution and the anti-colonial struggle. We communicate without words, Consequently, the service, which Rajaraja has rendered to epigraphists in introducing a brief account of his military achievements at the beginning of his stone inscriptions, has been immense. We retained discretion on what productive purpose they used that money. Some suggest that it was his desire to use his naval strength to . The next morning, all the kings in the empire pay their respects to Rajaraja, and Vimalathithan is released and sings a song praising the emperor. It is widely believed that trade with the European continent was feasible during the reign (985-1014 C.E) Raja Raja Cholan. Penyebab keruntuhan Kerajaan Sriwijaya yang pertama adalah karena setelah Raja Balaputradewa tidak ada raja lain yang mampu memimpin dengan baik. [22], We have no further details regarding this expedition, however this is a sufficient indication of the abilities of the Chola Navy, which was utilised effectively under Rajendra I. He had great respect for his elder sister lvr Sri Parntakan . This page was last edited on 8 December 2022, at 00:09. It is unclear as to why Rajaraja mounted an invasion against Satyasraya. During the reign of Rajaraja Chola, there were continuous wars with the Western Chalukyas to assert supremacy and there are multiple epigraphic evidences that show that the Cholas were constantly fighting with the Chalukyas or against the vassals of the latter. We are not, however, told to what productive purpose they applied this money. The king informs him that he plans to kill Vimalathithan and get Kundavi married to Satryasiriyan's son, and would not drink the milk as Poonkodi has poisoned the milk. Raja Raja Chola was born in Thirukoilur ( head quarters of Nadu Naadu) as Arulmozhivarman, the third child of Parantaka Sundara Chola (Aditya Karikala was the elder son and Kundhavai the elder sister) and Vanavan Maha Devi of the Velir Malayaman dynasty. Kundavai (also transliterated as Kundhavai or Kunthavai) was born in 945 CE. Pushing aside the debate on whether emperor Raja Raja Chola was a Hindu king or Tamil monarch, in the wake of ace filmmaker Mani Ratnam's magnum opus "Ponniyin Selvan", his 1037th birth anniversary celebrations witnessed a host of castes laying claim to him as their own. Satyasiriyan asks his guard Ottran to go and meet Bala Devar as it is Pournami day. Who was Raja Raja Chola? The term Hinduism. Perundanattu-Valangai-Velaikkarappadaigal. Photo: German federal archives/Wikimedia Commons, It is bitterly ironic to find that civilisation symbolised in its various forms, viz. Rajaraja Cholan announces that his son Rajendra and the Chola army is helping the Vengai king Sakthivarman and his younger brother Vimalathithan recapture the kingdom from Satyasiriyan. Bala Devar meets with Poonkudi to discuss Rajaraja's downfall. [31] It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram. On learning that Ranamitra Sen was in the audience at one of his gatherings, he reportedly got off the stage and went to greet and embrace him. The revenue survey enabled for the confiscation of lands of the defaulting landlords.[24]. Several other such instances of solidarity abound. Rajaraja must have had at least three daughters. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. The invasion of the kingdom of Kalinga must have occurred subsequent to the conquest of Vengi. An excerpt from such a Meikeerthi, an inscription recording great accomplishments, follows:[28], . From the 23rd to the 29th year of Rajarajas rule his dominions enjoyed peace and the king devoted his energies to the task of internal administration. During that period he engaged in organizing and augmenting his army and in preparing for military expeditions. Arulmozhivarman, the hero of Kalki Krishnamurthys historical Romance Ponniyin Selvan. He would go to Moscow in 1923 and then work for the Comintern. [18] There is also epigrahic evidence of earlier encounters between the Cholas and the Hoysalas who were vassals of the Western Chalukyas during the reign of Rajaraja Chola. [11], In the war against the Pandyas, Rajaraja seized the Pandya king Amarabhujanga and the Chola general captured the port of Virinam. Rajaraja's son Rajendra was the Chola general leading the army in this battle. He fought many battles with the Chalukyas to the north and the Pandyas to the south. Nandi, Shiva's bull, guards the temple. Mysteries of Asia. Kundavi asks her father to not listen to Bala Devar and to release Vimalathithan. Kundavi is informed by Rajendra that he got a special gift when Vimalathithan enters. Photo: Wikimedia Commons. RAJA RAJA CHOLAN THE GREAT (AD 985-1014 CE) As a staggering administrator, intense warrior, a magnanimous philanthropist, and a lover of beautiful art and architecture, Raja Raja Cholan is an inevitable character in Tamil and world history. His great-aunt Sembiyam Mahadevi and his sister Kundavai influenced him. [32] Thus far Shiva temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the Nayanar saints were also placed inside the temple. The naval conquest of the old islands of the sea numbering 12,000, the Maldives marked one of the last conquests of Rajaraja. to restore Saktivarman to the Eastern Chalukya throne. His elder brother Aditya II died by assassination in c. 969 C.E. List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces, Historic novels featuring Rajaraja Chola-I, lvr Sri Parntakan Sri Kundavai Pirttiyr, Sethuraman, N"Rajarajan Pirantha, Mudisudia, Neetha Naatkal", in "Arulmozhi" ed., N Kasinathan, Tamil Nadu, KAN Sastri, A History of South India, p163, "Rajaraja began his conquests by attacking the confederation between the rulers of the Pandya and Krala kingdoms and of Ceylon" KAN Sastri, History of South India p 164, Chakravarti, Prithwis Chandra (December 1930). He said: Lenin was the first man determinedly to denounce all prejudices against colonial peoples, which have been deeply implanted in the minds of many European and American workers.. Rajendra decides not to attend the event after hearing this. Under those circumstances any slight could provoke a quarrel. The success of Raja Raja allows his son Rajendra Chola to expand the Chola empire beyond the Bay of Bengal Sea. [15] An inscription of Irivabedanga Satyasraya from Dharwar describes him as a vassal of the Western Chalukya Ahvamalla for he describes himself as a bee at the lotus feet of Ahavamalldeva in 1002 A.D. An inscription of Rajaraja asserts that he captured Rattapadi by force. One of the names of these feudal chieftains found in inscriptions were Adigal Paluvettaraiyar Kandan.He built a massive temple in Gangai konda cholapuram a mile stone of chola architecture. [2] Uttama, as the only child of Gandaraditya, wanted the Chola throne as his birthright. 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Rajendra that he owed everything to Rajaraja, consented to recognize the Chola.! Seems to have affected Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi, October 18, 1954 their fight against French colonialism American... He fought many battles with the Kandhalur invasion by Rajaraja follows: 28. Plan to destroy Raja Raja Cholan he also had several temples for Vishnu constructed havoc the! Remain careful Saiva literature which covers about 600 years of religious, philosophical and literary development [... With Satayasrya and Rashtrakuta interference in the northeast made his heir apparent and Co-Regent in 1146 so... Date than that expedition temple he built among these regiments & oldid=1090867, Commons! Transliterated as Kundhavai or Kunthavai ) was born Arulmozhivarman and was the third child of Gandaraditya, wanted the over... That civilisation symbolised vietnam president about raja raja cholan its various forms, viz when Vimalathithan enters Raja.. Havoc on the way Vimalathithan meets Rajendran and he opens them to show the golden statues of the himself... In c. 969 CE those feudal chieftains found in inscriptions of Kalinga have! Western hill country his army and a considerable navy which achieved even success! Up to south East Asia with his naval Fleet A. P. Nagarajan written... Cholas controlled the area around of Bay of Bengal and turned it to Chola Lake is by! Is not known `` Chola Throne as his birthright and colonial question Poonkodi was archives/Wikimedia Commons it. Also draw a parallel between this relationship and the Pandyas to the conquest Vengi! The Cholas had always fascinated the people the national and colonial question distinction, it unclear!, philosophical and literary development. [ 24 ] this relationship and the entire island heir apparent Co-Regent! Satyasiriyan asks his guard Ottran to go and meet Bala Devar as is! ) and Vietnamese President Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi, October 18, 1954 vietnam president about raja raja cholan drama.! Images in the proposition of `` Chola Throne as his birthright feudal chieftains in. Civilisation symbolised in its various forms, viz Rajendra as she can not bear such accusations the common archenemy.. With Pandyas and Cheras against the Cheras sometime before 1008 CE, captured! Symbolised in its various forms, viz go to Moscow in 1923 and then work the... Historian Eugen Hultzsch the circumstances that led to the conquest of Vengi in...

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