Virginia Capitol, Richmond, February 22, 1862. if there be still improprieties which this rule would not restrain, its Supplement must be sought in the Censorship of Public opinion. ], Second Inaugural Address, [before 4 Mch. James Buchanan Democratic Party Abraham Lincoln Republican Party Jefferson Davis*** Democratic Party Andrew Johnson Republican Party Ulysses S. Grant Republican Party. Second Inaugural Address of Jefferson Davis February 22, 1862 Fellow-Citizens: On this the birthday of the man most identified with the establishment of American independence, and beneath the monument erected to commemorate his heroic virtues and those of his compatriots, we have assembled to usher into existence the Permanent Government of the Confederate States. True to our traditions of peace and our love of justice, we sent commissioners to the United States to propose a fair and amicable settlement of all questions of public debt or property which might be in dispute. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 90 terms. I fear not that any motives of interest may lead me astray. Fellow-citizens, after the struggle of ages had consecrated the right of the Englishman to constitutional representative government, our colonial ancestors were forced to vindicate that birthright by an appeal to arms. Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis both believed in securing rights and freedoms for their people. In giving these outlines, I do not mean, fellow citizens, to arrogate to myself the merit of the measures. We too have had our trials and difficulties. The Government had ceased to answer the ends for which it was ordained and established. Lincoln's First Inaugural Address Summary & Analysis | What was Lincoln's First Inaugural Address? The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | Writer & Significance, SAT Subject Test World History: Practice and Study Guide, DSST The Civil War & Reconstruction: Study Guide & Test Prep, Important People in World History Study Guide, Major Events in World History Study Guide, TCI History Alive World Connections: Online Textbook Help, Glencoe The American Journey: Online Textbook Help, TCI History Alive America's Past: Online Textbook Help, TCI History Alive The United States Through Industrialism: Online Textbook Help, Create an account to start this course today. At the darkest hour of our struggle the Provisional gives place to the Permanent Government. It is a satisfaction that we have maintained the war by our unaided exertions. Success crowned their efforts, and they provided for the posterity a peaceful remedy against future aggression. Jack Shorter, an enslaved stable hand at the Presidents House, may have been the groom. Whatever of hope some may have entertained that a returning sense of justice would remove the danger with which our rights were threatened, and render it possible to preserve the Union of the Constitution, must have been dispelled by the malignity and barbarity of the Northern States in the prosecution of the existing war. War will then be but a suspension of useful works; & a return to a state of peace a return to the progress of improvement. In each of the segments illustrated above, a single long stroke appears in a high position midway along the line. Second Inaugural Address. The confidence of the most hopeful among us must have been destroyed by the disregard they have recently exhibited for all the time-honored bulwarks of civil and religious liberty. This speech was intended to promote brotherhood amongst the North and South, and he claimed that most individuals on both sides would have preferred a peaceful outcome. The people of the States now confederated became convinced that the Government of the United States had fallen into the hands of a sectinal majority, who would pervert that most sacred of all trusts to the destruction of the rights which it was pledged to protect. Success crowned their efforts, and they provided for the posterity a peaceful remedy against future aggression. topics (general topics): the advantages of a peaceful system that made possible a favorable state of public finances in which the country had the ability to pay off its debts and eliminate internal taxes; removals from office; a third topic that he named only as Philosophy; and finally licentiousness of press (see, Using a process that he had come to employ in composing his annual messages to Congress, he proceeded to draft each of the topical sections independently. . . Through this instrumentality, under the favor of Divine Providence, we hope to perpetuate the principles of our revolutionary fathers. I have therefore undertaken, on no occasion, to prescribe the religious exercises suited to it: but have left them, as the constitution found them, under the direction & discipline of the state or church authorities acknoleged by the several religious societies. In a later reading of the marks, Jay Fliegelman instead asserted that, based on the placement and appearance of the markings, they represented not accented syllables but rhythmical pauses of emphatical stress used to divide the piece into units comparable to musical bars or poetic lines (Julian P. Boyd, The Declaration of Independence: The Mystery of the Lost Original,, The marks are nearly identical to those recommended by Irish actor, speaker, and rhetorician Thomas Sheridan, whom Jefferson occasionally recommended to young scholars seeking reading lists. 17 terms. Citizens of the Confederate States of America. Houston, Texas 77251-1892, Phone and Fax Numbers I feel like its a lifeline. flashcard sets. Lincoln in his first inaugural address opens quickly by listing off many ways in which he will hold his bias and use a neutral . All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Through its grants program, the NHPRC supports a wide range of activities to Davis argued that the North oppressed . Tuesday, January 20, 1953. . Records Commission (NHPRC) is part of the National All rights reserved. 1805], Reading Copy of Second Inaugural Address, [before 4 Mch. In the transaction of your foreign affairs, we have endeavored to cultivate the friendship of all nations, & especially of those with which we have the most important relations. It is cultivating feelings of patriotism, virtue, and courage. Fellow-citizens, after the struggle of ages had consecrated the right of the Englishman to constitutional representative government, our colonial ancestors were forced to vindicate that birthright by an appeal to arms. Upon the first call the men flew to arms, and wifes and mothers send their husbands and sons to battle without a murmur of regret. Secession was declared in Missouri and Kentucky but did not eventually go through. First Inaugural Address Washington, DC. Delaware and Maryland, both slave states, did not vote to secede. The tyranny of an unbridled majority, the most odious and least responsible form of despotism, has denied us both the right and the remedy. A million of men, it is estimated, are now standing in hostile array, and waging war along a frontier of thousands of miles. Jefferson Davis' First Inaugural Address Alabama Capitol, Montgomery, February 18, 1861 Gentlemen of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, Friends and Fellow-Citizens: In his opinion, the country's power rested in the individual states, and not in a strong central government. Deeply sensible of all that is implied by this manifestation of the peoples confidence, I am yet more profoundly impressed by the vast responsibility of the office, and humbly feel my own unworthiness. It was to be expected when we entered upon this war that it would expose our people to sacrifices and cost them much, both of money and blood. In matters of Religion, I have considered that its free exercise is placed by the constitution independant of the powers of the general government. When the independence of the Confederate States is recognized by the nations of the earth, and we are free to follow our interests and inclinations by cultivating foreign trade, the Southern States will offer to manufacturing nations the most favorable markets which ever invited their commerce. he who has time renders a service to public morals, & public tranquility, in reforming these abuses by the salutary coercions of the law. Instances of self-sacrifice and of generous devotion to the noble cause for which we are contending are rife throughout the land. The first year in our history has been the most eventful in the annals of this continent. Nothing could be so bad as failure, and any sacrifice would be cheap as the price of success in such a contest. Lincoln recognized how crucial this first inaugural address would be to the Southern states considering secession. In his Second Inaugural Address, President Abraham Lincoln addressed the topic of the Civil War and argued that the nation needed to change. In return for their kindness I can offer assurances of the gratitude with which it is received; and can but pledge a zealous devotion of every faculty to the service of those who have chosen me as their Chief Magistrate. As you know, Lincoln's first inaugural address did not stop the Civil War from breaking out and dividing the rest of the country between the North and South. William Plumer departed Washington for Baltimore on a mail stage late the night before the inauguration, but he noted that the address was handed out on the Baltimore streets in the course of an hour after the speech was delivered in Washington. Lincoln suggested that 'insurgent agents' were working to destroy the government with or without a war, and 'seeking to dissolve the Union.' At the end of a line, as seen in the first two details shown above, he put a double stroke or a third mark in the form of a long cross or dagger. Augustus John Foster, the 24-year-old secretary of the British legation in Washington, left a record of the details he observed on that day. and history bears witness to the fact, that a just nation is trusted on its word, when recourse is had to armaments and wars to bridle others. Lincoln-Douglas Debates History & Significance | What Was the Lincoln-Douglas Debate? However, many Southerners still viewed the disagreement on slavery as the North's attempt to take away their liberties. Cotton, sugar, rice, tobacco, provisions, timber, and naval stores will furnish attractive exchanges. I shall now enter on the duties to which my fellow-citizens have again called me, & shall proceed in the spirit of those principles which they have approved. Copyright 2023 Political Rhetoric Archive & Dr. Beth Huber | Powered by Critical Hit Development. I shall need therefore all the indulgence which I have heretofore experienced from my constituents. Abraham Lincoln had many neutral political views, which contrasted against Jefferson Davis' bias beliefs. Second Inaugural Address Washington, DC. The recollections of this great contest, with all its common traditions of glory, of sacrifice and blood, will be the bond of harmony and enduring affection amongst the people, producing unity in policy, fraternity in sentiment, and just effort in war. 'Four score and seven years ago. I highly recommend you use this site! Henry Adamss 1890 history of the Jefferson administration remarked that the address roused neither the bitterness nor the applause which greeted the first, and while Dumas Malones multivolume work devoted most of seven pages to the inauguration, he admitted that Samuel Chases acquittal was far more dramatic and Aaron Burrs exit from the vice presidency was much more moving than the re-entry of the President. Jon Meacham tackled Jeffersons second inauguration in less than a page. The day, the memory, and the purpose seem fitly associated. We cannot remove our respective sections from each other.' . without power to divert, or habits to contend against it, they have been overwhelmed by the current, or driven before it. Jefferson Davis' First Inaugural Address. If the acquiescence of foreign nations in a pretended blockade has deprived us of our commerce with them, it is fast making us a self-supporting and an independent people. Our Confederacy has grown from six to thirteen States; and Maryland, already united to us by hallowed memories and material interests, will, I believe, when able to speak with unstifled voice, connect her destiny with the South. Whether a government, conducting itself in the true spirit of its constitution with zeal and purity, and doing no act which it would be unwilling the whole world should witness, can be written down by falsehood & defamation? Our people have rallied with unexampled unanimity to the support of the great principles of constitutional government, with firm resolve to perpetuate by arms the right which they could not peacefully secure. . This website helped me pass! Nothing could be so bad as failure, and any sacrifice would be cheap as the price of success in such a contest. Thomas Jefferson's inaugural address, delivered on March 4, 1801, was a statement of purpose for his presidency. He consistently spoke of preserving the union and the worthiness of fighting for it. his refusal to sign the Wade-Davis Bill. Soon to come: Gettysburg . Note: this link will eventually disappear! 198-203. Nor would the constancy of these supplies be likely to be disturbed by war. Sometime between that date and 4 Mch. A month later, the Civil War started in earnest, and on February 22, 1862 (and Washington's birthday), Davis gave a second inaugural address, after winning an election under the permanent Confederate constitution. I am sensible of no passion which could seduce me knowingly from the path of justice. Transcribed from Dunbar Rowland, ed., Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, Volume 5, pp. As with his first Inaugural as Chief Executive of the provisional government, Davis again makes a argument based on the sovereignty of states to control their own futures and, lacking an agreement with the Union, have seen no choice but to go to war. Battles have been fought, sieges have been conducted, and, although the contest is not ended, and the tide for the moment is against us, the final result in our favor is not doubtful. Never has a people evinced a more determined spirit than that now animating men, women, and children in every part of our country. Title. Senator Jefferson Davis took to a podium for his presidential inaugural and gave an impassioned speech about the Constitution. In 1862, he added emancipation, finding it a military necessity. It is a satisfaction that we have maintained the war by our unaided exertions. these covering our land with officers, & opening our doors to their intrusions, had already begun that process of domiciliary vexation, which, once entered, is scarcely to be restrained from reaching successively every article of property & produce. But how many of you can quote an excerpt from a speech given by Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy? The people of the States now confederated became convinced that the Government of the United States had fallen into the hands of a sectinal majority, who would pervert that most sacred of all trusts to the destruction of the rights which it was pledged to protect. He made it clear that he did not approve of its practice and denounced slavery as one of the 'offenses' of God, who 'wills to remove' it from America. Personal reactions similarly adhered to party divisions. our fellow citizens looked on cool, & collected. But in the heart of a people resolved to be free these disasters tend but to stimulate to increased resistance. but public duties more urgent press on the time of public servants and the offenders have therefore been left to find their punishment in the public indignation. Those Who Labor for My Happiness: Slavery at Thomas Jeffersons Monticello, Jefferson, Natural Language, & the Culture of Performance, The Dublin Orator: Thomas Sheridans Influence on Eighteenth-Century Rhetoric and Belles Letters, A Course of Lectures on Elocution Together with Two Dissertations on Language and Some Other Tracts Relative to Those Subjects, Rhetorical Grammar of the English Language, A Rhetorical Grammar of the English Language, History of the Principal Events of the Reign of Frederic William II, Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side, American, and Commercial Daily Advertiser, The Inaugural Addresses of President Thomas Jefferson, 1801 and 1805, Gazette Nationale ou le Moniteur Universel, The Inaugural Addresses of President Thomas Jefferson, Philip Mazzei: Selected Writings and Correspondence, History of the United States of America during the Second Administration of Thomas Jefferson, Topics for Inaugural Address, [before 8 Feb. 1805], James Madisons Remarks on a Draft, [8 Feb. 1805], Albert Gallatins Remarks on a Draft, [12 Feb. 1805], James Madisons Remarks on a Draft, [21 Feb. 1805], Notes on the Second Inaugural Address, [February 1805? But the picture has its lights as well as its shadows. It is not an authoritative final version. Jefferson Davis Sets the Tone. The confidence of the most hopeful among us must have been destroyed by the disregard they have recently exhibited for all the time-honored bulwarks of civil and religious liberty. Rice University--MS 215 Absent from the scene were some members of Congress who had left for home after the close of the session the previous day (Augustus Foster to Frederick Foster, 1 July 1805, in Vere Foster, ed., To deliver his inaugural address, Jefferson had prepared a special reading copy that is unlike any other document in his papers (see. Rather, he wanted to stop slavery from spreading into other territories. Summarized in The Papers of Jefferson Davis, Volume 8, p. 55. that is due in the first place to the reflecting character of our citizens at large, who, by the weight of public opinion, influence and strengthen the public measures. 1862 (and Washington's birthday), Davis gave a second inaugural address, after winning an election under . President Lincoln also referred back to his first inauguration and reflected on the instability of the government at that time. . but the experiment is noted to prove that, since truth & reason have maintained their ground against false opinions, in league with false facts, the Press, confined to truth, needs no other legal restraint. 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Fellow-Citizens: On this the birthday of the man most identified with the establishment of American independence, and beneath the monument erected to commemorate his heroic virtues and those of his compatriots, we have assembled to usher into existence the Permanent Government of the Confederate States. Jefferson Davis (pictured here on the eve of the Civil War) delivered his second inaugural address in Richmond, Virginia, on February 22, 1862. . 4 Mch. Jayme has taught courses in middle and high school Social Studies and holds a Master's degree in Social Studies Education. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. The National Historical Publications and . Although history proved the North as the victor in this war, these issues were not completely resolved. EDITORIAL NOTE. Gallatin took issue with the presentation of the press in the draft he reviewed (see, When he had the address in the form he wanted, Jefferson used his polygraph to help him make multiple copies and submitted the final text to Samuel Harrison Smith for printing. Jefferson Davis believed the union of the United States was formed by loose bonds that could be broken if necessary. In that address he explicitly condemned political intolerancedeclared all were federalists, all were republicansYet in a few days after that, he removed many deserving men from office, because they were federalists. He also criticized Jefferson as imprudent for explicitly censuring & condemning former Administrations & lavishing encomiums on himself for effecting a discontinuance of the Internal Revenues, and for his expansive complaints about abuse by the press: One would have thought that Mr. Jefferson after having hired such infamous wretches as Freneau, Bache, Duane, Callender, Payne & others, to defame villify & calumniate, Washington, Adams, & their associateshe would not have complained of news paper publications! But even Plumer admitted that Jefferson has his talents& those of the popular kind, since it was an important practice for him to never pursue a measure if it becomes unpopular (Brown, John Tyler expressed the opposite view in a letter to Jefferson, writing that without flattery, the address adds a Lustre to the whole of your Life if any thing coud be necessary to highten your public Character. He anticipated that any who continued to oppose Jeffersons administration must see the soundness of the reasoning, and the temper and philanthropy with which it is expressd, and it would have the happyest effect on every person not so vicious as to persist in Spite of Light and truth in a perverse Opinion. Jefferson replied with appreciation, reiterating to Tyler that performance was the proper office of the second inaugural, in contrast to profession and promise in the first. The experiment instituted by our revolutionary fathers, of a voluntary Union of sovereign States for purposes specified in a solemn compact, had been perverted by those who, feeling power and forgetting right, were determined to respect no law but their own will. The period is near at hand when our foes must sink under the immense load of debt which they have incurred, a debt which in their effort to subjugate us has already attained such fearful dimensions as will subject them to burdens which must continue to oppress them for generations to come. The underlying topics of liberty, equality, states' rights and government still have a place in the speeches and debates of the leaders in the United States today. Nothing was then left to do but to prepare for war. Jefferson Davis First Inaugural Address Author: Michael Movius Created Date: 20111017065926Z . with those too, not yet rallied to the same point, the disposition to do so is gaining strength. The closing remarks of his speech described exactly the kind of government he envisioned for the union: a government 'of the people, by the people, for the people.'. Summarized in The Papers of Jefferson Davis, Volume 8, p. 55. In the drafting process, he struggled with how to best express this, referring first to a Censor on the public functionaries that, writing with freedom, could warn against deviations from the line of duty (. In it, he outlined the principles that would guide his administration, including a commitment to limited government, individual liberty, and the rule of law. For proof of the sincerity of our purpose to maintain our ancient institutions, we may point to the Constitution of the Confederacy and the laws enacted under it, as well as to the fact that through all the necessities of an unequal struggle there has been no act on our part to impair personal liberty or the freedom of speech, of thought, or of the press. Create your account, 26 chapters | In spite of his laborious attempt to discountenance the opposition to philosophy and to make a statement about the opposition press, Jefferson recognized, as he wrote in his Notes on a Draught for a second inaugural Address, that the nature of the occasion requires that detail should be avoided. He used the address to make his case for the performance of his earlier promises and to lay out a foundation for governing performance in a second term (Adams, The Two Duchesses: Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire, Elizabeth Duchess of Devonshire. He . His purpose in writing the Notes on a Draught was to explain his handling of this topic. When he started is not known, as he did not put dates on any of the surviving draft fragments. Virginia Capitol, Richmond, February 22, 1862. they gathered around their public functionaries. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. It is not an authoritative final version. The great principles upon which we have been willing to hazard everything that is dear to man have made conquests for us which could never have been achieved by the sword. To show ourselves worthy of the inheritance bequeathed to us by the patriots of the Revolution, we must emulate that heroic devotion which made reverse to them but the crucible in which their patriotism was refined. After a series of successes and victories, which covered our arms with glory, we have recently met with serious disasters. and it is due to the able and faithful auxiliaries, whose patriotism has associated them with me in the executive functions. He did not use that word in, Jefferson acknowledged that public officials need oversight. we have done them justice on all occasions; favor, where favor was lawful, & cherished mutual interests & intercourse on fair & equal terms. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: Published by Princeton University Press and copyrighted, 2021, by Princeton University Press. Some of you may have even recited them in grade school. Seven Southern states had already seceded, or broken away, from the United States and formed the Confederacy. There was a small crowd in. Madisons sets of comments, separated by almost two weeks, indicate that he saw two states of a complete draft, both now missing. On this day in 1861, former U.S. On the topics of liberty and equality his message was clear: he did not want to abolish slavery in the South. The rule of voluntary association, which cannot fail to be conservative, by securing just and impartial government at home, does not diminish the security of the obligations by which the Confederate States may be bound to foreign nations. According to this view, he believed the Southern states could not legally leave the union. In contrast, Davis wanted to direct his energies to the new Confederacy with no interest in returning to the North. Users are not permitted to mount this file on any network server. Davis argued that the North oppressed the South through its disapproval of slavery, a practice vital to its economy and culture. This great strife has awakened in the people the highest emotions and qualities of the human soul. 213 lessons Davis believed that because the North was restricting the rights of the Southern states, secession was 'a necessity, not a choice.' in the mean time, let us cherish them with patient affection: let us do them justice and more than justice in all competitions of interest; & we need not doubt that truth, reason, & their own interests will at length prevail, will gather them into the fold of their country, & will compleat that entire union of opinion which gives to a nation the blessing of harmony & the benefit of all its strength. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States during the war, stated that the state is the most important entity and that states have the authority to ignore laws that are unconstitutional. they too have their Anti-Philosophists, who find an interest in keeping things in their present state; who dread reformation, and exert all their faculties to maintain the ascendancy of habit over the duty of improving our reason, & obeying its mandates. Another piece from his drafting of the second inaugural address is on the same sheet as fragments of text from Jefferson's early drafting of his first and third annual messages to Congress in 1801 and 1803 ( Document II ). Senator Jefferson Davis took to a podium for his presidential inauguration and gave an impassioned speech about the Constitution. 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