It links the agricultural prosperity of the south with the domination. WORD\hspace{1cm} III. In a full sentence, how would his definition read? D. They would be unable to grow at all were traded for imported products that African rulers wanted. John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment. What process can lead to desertification? Following the death of her first husband, she had a large Carpenter Gothic church built, St. Michael's Church. D. To increase pesticide use 5e. This seems to be especially true with planters within the Episcopal denomination. English and Welsh men, descended from Norman lords, who hoped to make their fortune by getting their hands on Irish land. C. it can undergo erosion Meant for little more than sleeping, they were usually rough log or frame one-room cabins; early examples often had chimneys made of clay and sticks. E. Maximum-tillage agriculture, For good health and protection against disease, people need fairly large amounts of certain food components (such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) called ____. SAD is identified as a form of depression caused by disturbances of hormonal rhythms sensitive to daylight, primarily melatonin. Through ceremonies initiating menstruating girls into the spiritual world by ritual dances The pigeons were raised to be eaten as a delicacy and their droppings were used as fertilizer. Plantations are an important aspect of the history of the Southern United States, particularly the Antebellum era (pre-American Civil War). Then write the complete negative word in column III. A. rice ", "Pinterest and The Knot Pledge to Stop Promoting Plantation Weddings", "As plantations talk more honestly about slavery, some visitors are pushing back", "Some white people don't want to hear about slavery at plantations built by slaves", "The Plantation System in Southern Life. A few were common, such as the carriage house and blacksmith shop; but most varied widely among plantations and were largely a function of what the planter wanted, needed, or could afford to add to the complex. At the encouragement of the Company, many of the settlers banded together and created large settlements, called hundreds, as they were intended to support 100 individuals, usually men who led a household.The hundreds were run as private plantations intent on making a profit from the cultivation of crops, which the economy of the South depended on. It required the entire year to gather seeds, start them growing in cold frames, and then transplant the plants to the fields once the soil had warmed. The mild temperate climate, plentiful rainfall, and fertile soils of the Southeastern United States allowed the flourishing of large plantations, where large numbers of enslaved Africans or African Americans were held captive and forced to produce crops to create wealth for a white elite. [37][38], Sugar plantations were most commonly found in Louisiana. E. they are more expensive than other approaches in both the short and long term, Overnutrition is a result of ____. Plantations are a type of commercial farming where a single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton is grown. Supported by royal as well as merchant investment, the ensuing African slave trade inexorably tied all aspects of European trade . There was no detail about the enslaved peoples interior lives or acts of resistance. C. Planting polycultures From there the juice went through a process that removed impurities from the liquid and thickened it through evaporation. They seemed distressed. Historians Peter H. Wood and Edward Baptist advocate to stop using the word plantation when referencing agricultural operations involving forced labor. 6 why is it called plantation? All of the following helped fuel the "maritime revolution" of the fifteenth century EXCEPT. One drawback to integrated pest management is that it ____. The complex included everything from the main residence down to the pens for livestock. It was simultaneously pounded up and down and rotated in the washing tub to aerate the wash solution and loosen any dirt. Besides those mentioned earlier, cattle, ducks, goats, hogs, and sheep were raised for their derived products and/or meat. B. polyculture War in the form of learning to read and write when you were forbidden from doing so, or sabotaging the rice fields because you knew how they worked better than your boss. A. High-input agriculture Plantations grew sugarcane from Louisiana's colonial era onward, but large scale production did not begin until the 1810s and 1820s. Until the abolition of slavery, such plantations were generally self-sufficient settlements that relied on the forced labor of enslaved people. Powers, who has been a consultant to Middleton Place, said it was important to shake people out of their modern mentality on these tours. B. consuming too much rich and high-fat food, regardless of weight and energy expenditure E. grains and carbohydrates, Compared to synthetic pesticides, the use of natural biological pest controls is ____. Animals were often kept in fattening pens with a simple shed for shelter, with the main barn or barns being utilized for crop storage or processing only. Wells for water are drilled too near the ocean coastlines. She says the Lost Cause claims: 1) Confederates were patriots fighting to protect their constitutionally granted states rights; 2) Confederates were not fighting to protect slavery; 3) Slavery was a benevolent institution in which Black people were treated well; 4) Enslaved Black people were faithful to their enslavers and happy to be held in bondage; and 5) Confederate General Robert E. Lee and, to a lesser extent, General Thomas Stonewall Jackson were godlike figures. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact [email protected] for more information and to obtain a license. It is 400 years since the first Africans stolen from their homeland were brought to a British colony in North America. Assuming that the force exerted by the pitcher on the ball acts over a distance of two arm lengths, each 28.0in28.0 \mathrm{in}28.0in, what is the average force exerted by the pitcher on the ball? Choose from 137 different sets of plantation system flashcards on quizlet. E. cash crops, An agricultural method known as ____ relies on solar energy and natural fertilizers to grow multiple species in a single plot. Several of Carolina's early governors had Barbadian connections, and six of the ten parishes at the outset of the Carolina colony shared names with Barbadian . C. They are major job providers. C. dangerously unpredictable Which of the following is NOT an example of Europe's secular business innovations in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? [51] In his study of Harrison County, Texas, Randolph B. Campbell classifies large planters as owners of 20 slaves, and small planters as owners of between 10 and 19 slaves. [17], The smokehouse was utilized to preserve meat, usually pork, beef, and mutton. Its design could vary, depending on whether the chickens were kept for egg production, meat, or both. Centers of plantation life such as Natchez run plantation tours. Why is it less sustainable to eat grain-fed beef compared to other meats, such as poultry and plant-fed farmed fish? [15] Some planters appointed a trusted slave as the overseer, and in Louisiana free black overseers were also used. Which statement concerning the West African empires prior to 1600 is true? This is seen at some of the United States plantations themselves with tours and tourists focusing on the wealth and lives of the enslavers, while ignoring those they enslaved.These romanticized notions largely stem from an ideology called the Lost Cause which became popular shortly after the United States Civil War. The following article is from the great soviet encyclopedia (1979). C. feedlots t is a picture of southern splendor: a grand oak tree dripping with Spanish moss, a manicured green lawn leading to a pristine pond. History of plantations in the American South, Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States, Plantation complexes in the Southern United States, Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 18381839, "The Evolution of the Slave Quarter in Tidewater Virginia", "Overseer's House at the Rural Life Museum", "Mechanics and Functions of a Smokehouse", "St. Mary Chapel, located on Laurel Hill Plantation in Adams County, approximately eight (8) miles south of Natchez. [8][32], This type of debt bondage, for blacks and poor whites, led to a populist movement in the late 19th century that began to bring blacks and whites together for a common cause. "To my face, people have said: Well, they had a place to sleep. 2 what is the meaning of plantation system? These separate tours can maintain the narrative that the lives of the enslaved were separate from what happened at the Big House, where the master lived. D. Repeated irrigation in dry climates Prior to that time, wringing out the items was done by hand. B. less available land for feeding overall In both cases the original plantation houses have been destroyed, but the quality and design of the churches can give some insight into how elaborate some plantation complexes and their buildings could be. I think it is our responsibility to try and meet all those expectations, Neale said. William Bradford, governor of the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts, invoked the standard English usage of his day when he entitled his remarkable history of the colony Of Plymouth Plantation. E. consuming too few calories, regardless of activity level and weight, What is the type of agriculture most likely to be found in developing countries? Over the past two decades, many plantation museums have moved to better incorporate the enslaved experience, in part because of consumer demand for more honest narratives and the growing minority tourism market. During this time the cream would sour slightly through naturally occurring bacteria. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor. Sometimes dormitories and two-story dwellings were also used as slave housing. B. fiber only Phillip Curtin looks at the advancement of plantation farming as originating from the crusader's era. This information gap has also been highlighted by an initiative called Reset led by geographers, historians and other researchers to study inequality in the US tourism industry. Where was the first permanent European (not English) settlement on future United States soil? 9 does plantation mean slavery? And the market for plantation weddings is high. Just as vital and arguably more important to the complex were the many structures built for the processing and storage of crops, food preparation and storage, sheltering equipment and animals, and various other domestic and agricultural purposes. The murderer, Dylann Roof, the first person in US history sentenced to death for a federal hate crime, visited South Carolina plantations. E. About 10% (less than half), What would likely be found on an organic farm? She or he will best know the preferred format. D. Water associated with irrigation contains small amounts of dissolved salts, and evaporation leaves behind increasing concentrations of these salts. William A. Stickney, who served as the Episcopal minister of St. Michael's and was later appointed by Bishop Richard Wilmer as a "Missionary to the Negroes," after which Louisa joined him as an unofficial fellow minister among the African Americans of the Black Belt. The division of the land into smaller units under private ownership became known as the plantation system. They experimented with teosinte and produced maize. These changes come after the summer of 2015 saw nine black people murdered by a 21-year-old white supremacist at Charlestons historic Emanuel AME church. [33] Stables were an essential type of barn on the plantation, used to house both horses and mules. Which one of the following is NOT one of the five basic elements of historical thinking? In the early 1500s what percentage of Europe's population consisted of peasants? Crop rotation C. Severe and prolonged drought D. Polyculture farming E. Conservation tillage, Proponents of pesticides claim that they provide some advantages, primarily by ____. D. plantation agriculture Summary. What is the plantation system quizlet? You cannot download interactives. The downward action of this screw compressed the processed cotton into a uniform bale-shaped wooden enclosure, where the bale was secured with twine. The plantation complex in the Caribbean is a massive project in which the core areas in the New World were Brazil, the Guianas, the Caribbean, and the American South. Early records indicate that at Faunsdale Plantation the mistress of the estate, Louisa Harrison, gave regular instruction to her slaves by reading the services of the church and teaching the Episcopal catechism to their children. [34] In the upper South, like their counterparts in the North, barns had to provide basic shelter for the animals and storage of fodder. Summary. Unusually, intense exposure to artificial light often is advocated . Click the card to flip . E. reduced feed requirements for the animals, meaning that it takes less energy to produce each pound of meat, The world's 40,000 known species of spiders ____. In addition to the share of their crop already owed to the plantation owner for the use of his or her land, tenants and sharecroppers purchased, usually on credit against their next crop, the food staples and equipment that they relied on for their existence. In these memorials to southern splendor, much of the history being told is devoid of the atrocities of slavery. A. consuming too many calories, regardless of weight or activity level When Waldwic in Alabama was remodeled in the Gothic Revival style in the 1852, the household servants were provided with large accommodations that matched the architecture of the main house. An agricultural estate usually worked by resident labor. Reviews 'This study of the transfer of slave plantations from the eastern Mediterranean to the tropical New World demonstrates [Curtin's] insight into transregional . [33], Barns not involved in animal husbandry were most commonly the crib barn (corn cribs or other types of granaries), storage barns, or processing barns. The division of the land into smaller units under private ownership became known as the plantation system. The land on which these plantations were established was stolen through canceled, disregarded, and deceitful treaties, or outright violence from indigenous nations. In the colonies south of Pennsylvania and east of the Delaware River, a few wealthy, white landowners owned the bulk of the land, while the majority of the population was made up of poor farmers, indentured servants, and the enslaved. So Tom's distinction was short-lived. The items would then be vigorously rubbed on a corrugated wash board until clean. Ironing would have been done with a metal flat iron, often heated in the fireplace, and various other devices. People of African descent were forced into a permanent underclass.Despite this brutal history, plantations are not always seen as the violent places they were. What was the largest sugar producer in the 16th century? Recently, and to different degrees, some have begun to acknowledge the "horrors of slavery" which made that life possible. The plantation system was an early capitalist venture. [43], Many manor houses survive, and in some cases former slave dwellings have been rebuilt or renovated. Starting in 2016, Potter and her team conducted research at four traditional plantations and observed 35 house tours. Feed that contains no antibiotics B. Those phones were being returned to pockets and bags when a tour guide explained that the tidy green grass covers a cemetery for the enslaved: the unidentified remains of African men, women and children torn from their homelands lie below the picture-perfect setting. Storage barns often housed unprocessed crops or those awaiting consumption or transport to market. A. organisms store CO2 and remove it from the atmosphere How important was a navy to the Athenian Empire? PLANTATION SYSTEM OF THE SOUTHPLANTATION SYSTEM OF THE SOUTH. She drew a direct connection between the centuries-long fight for black votes and voter suppression efforts today. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Jeff Neale, the director of preservation and interpretation at Middleton Place, said incorporating the African American narrative into the site was an important process that involved balancing the many issues that draw in visitors: its history, its gardens and its decor. [35][36], Rice plantations were common in the South Carolina Lowcountry. Which of the following statements accurately reflects one aspect of the principle of reciprocity? They were used to thresh the grain from the inedible chaff. Slave quarters could be next to the main house, well away from it, or both. The cottages were framed buildings, boarded on the outside, with shingle roofs and brick chimneys; they stood fifty feet apart, with gardens and pig-yards At the head of the settlement, in a garden looking down the street, was an overseer's house, and here the road divided, running each way at right angles; on one side to barns and a landing on the river, on the other toward the mansion A crucial residential structure on larger plantations was an overseer's house. Describe how hydrophilic and hydrophobic colloids are stabilized in water. [14], Another residential structure largely unique to plantation complexes was the garconnire or bachelors' quarters. In 1606, King James I formed the Virginia Company of London to establish colonies in North America, but when the British arrived, they faced a harsh and foreboding wilderness, and their lives became little more than a struggle for survival. They are so successful at providing healthy food to our populations. E. faster. D. does not have a proven track record The first agricultural plantations in Virginia were founded on the growing of tobacco. [26], Another structure found on some estates was a plantation chapel or church. What is the plantation system quizlet. Plantations are a type of commercial farming where a single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton is grown. Lumber was obtained from the forested areas of the property. To pay for the upkeep, some, like the Monmouth Plantation in Natchez, Mississippi and the Lipscomb Plantation in Durham, North Carolina, have become small luxury hotels or bed and breakfasts. [19], The milkhouse would have been used by enslaved people to make milk into cream, butter, and buttermilk. a man who received an estate in a plantation and undertook to follow the rules of the plantation. D. consuming too many calories relative to energy expenditures, leading to vastly increased weight Which of the following is not one of the theories about how America was originally settled? Originally, the word meant to plant. [9] Only the better-built examples tended to survive, and then usually only if they were turned to other uses after emancipation. [47], The historians Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman define large planters as those owning over 50 enslaved people, and medium planters as those owning between 16 and 50 enslaved people. 8 what is the plantation society theory? Term. [8][17] The pantry could be in its own structure or in a cool part of the cookhouse or a storehouse and would have secured items such as barrels of salt, sugar, flour, cornmeal and the like. Throughout the Western Hemisphere, the plantation served as an institution in itself, characterized by social and political inequality, racial conflict, and domination by the planter class.Plantation slavery was not exclusive to the Americas. 3 how does plantation system work? This led to uprisings and skirmishes with impoverished Black and white people joining forces against the wealthy.In response, customs changed and laws were passed to elevate the status of poor white people above all Black people. Bringing in natural enemies All of these choices For some, the word plantation suggests an idyllic past. By the mid 16th century, So Tom became Africa's most prominent exporter of sugar grown by African slave labor and became the model for the island plantation societies that eventually arose in the West Indies and other parts of the New World. [8] On most plantations, however, a room in the main house was sufficient for schooling, rather than a separate dedicated building. C. cannot manage most pests How did the European slavery that arose in the fifteenth century differ from other forms of European slavery? [8] Although it, like the schoolroom, was most often within the main house or another structure, it was not at all rare for a complex to have a separate plantation office. Famous landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted had this recollection of a visit to plantations along the Georgia coast in 1855: In the afternoon, I left the main road, and, towards night, reached a much more cultivated district. Then the enslaved people had to weed the fields all summer and remove the flowers from the tobacco plants in order to force more energy into the leaves. Tobacco and cotton proved to be exceptionally profitable.Therefore, cheap labor was used. That Middleton Place, like more and more plantation museums, has a separate tour to speak about the lives of African Americans who lived on the property, represents a step forward and a point of contention. Following the slaughter in the fall or early winter, salt and sugar were applied to the meat at the beginning of the curing process, and then the meat was slowly dried and smoked in the smokehouse by a fire that did not add any heat to the smokehouse itself. This property was an English land grant to the Richard Ellis family and continues to be owned by his descendants. [56][bettersourceneeded], Southern plantations depended upon slaves to do the agricultural work. They are extremely effective in cutting costs. The sugar trade led to the establishment of plantation enterprises that began along the coast of Africa, facilitated by the Portuguese, and ultimately led to the vast plantation economies in the New World. [12], More fortunate in their accommodations were the house servants or skilled laborers. (All of these). Once firm enough to separate out, but soft enough to stick together, the butter was taken out of the churn, washed in very cold water, and salted. [22], Few functions could take place on a plantation without a reliable water supply. D. The harmful environmental and health costs of food production are not reflected in market prices. At first, these settlers . C. They would be able to absorb nutrients and water with maximum efficiency D. provide important food for birds that control caterpillar populations These buildings might include schoolhouses, offices, churches, commissary stores, gristmills, and sawmills. This squeezed the juice from the stalks and the cane juice would run out the bottom of the mill through a strainer to be collected into a tank. [25], Most plantation owners maintained an office for keeping records, transacting business, writing correspondence, and the like. The plantation, founded in 1681, is one of the oldest working plantations in the US. "Honestly, 'plantation' and 'slavery' is one and the same," said an employee of the Whitney Plantation in 2019. This separation was partially due to the cooking fire generating heat all day long in an already hot and humid climate. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. The crystallized sugar was then cooled and separated from any remaining molasses in a process known as purging. A. Many plantations utilized a number of specialized structures that were crop-specific and only found on that type of plantation. This article was amended on 21 August 2019. Rarely though, such as at the former Hermitage Plantation in Georgia and Boone Hall in South Carolina, even field slaves were provided with brick cabins. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What process can lead to desertification? D. fats, both healthy and unhealthy They had meals . [54] Such memoirs often included descriptions of Christmas as the epitome of anti-modern order exemplified by the "great house" and extended family.[55]. What is a major cause of soil salinization? The complex included everything from the main residence down to the pens for livestock.Until the abolition of slavery, such plantations were generally self-sufficient settlements that relied on the forced . National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. There are about 375 plantation museums across the US, where the atrocities of slavery compete with the grandeur of plantation living. After ginning, the cotton had to be baled before it could be warehoused and transported to market. It is a picture of southern splendor: a grand oak tree dripping with Spanish moss, a manicured green lawn leading to a pristine pond. It only takes a moment for a group of mostly white tourists to lift their cellphones and snap photos. He concluded that they were simplistic innocents who could be Christianized. Unlike the upper regions, most plantations in the lower South did not have to provide substantial shelter to their animals during the winter. The first successful English settlement of the Carolinas came in 1670 as a proprietary colony. It was steam-heated in vats where additional impurities were removed by adding lime to the syrup and then the mixture was strained. An earlier version misnamed Boone Hall Plantation in captions as Boone Hill Plantation. These farmers tended to work the fields alongside the people they enslaved. Underline the adverb clause in the following sentence. Wealthy landowners got wealthier, and the use of slave labor increased. The survey findings have been presented to the plantation owners and will be published in a book in 2020. Get started for free! Processing barns were specialized structures that were necessary for helping to actually process the crop. It links the agricultural prosperity of the South with the domination by wealthy aristocrats and the exploitation of slave labor. A couple walks through the grounds of the Boone Hall Plantation in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. It was commonly built of hewn logs or brick. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. [21] If it was cool enough, the meat could also be stored there until it was consumed. [30][31], Another secondary structure on many plantations during the height of the sharecropping-era was the plantation store or commissary. B. {Note that there is also a Laurel Hill Plantation in Jefferson County that was owned by the Rush Nutt family}", "Georgetown County Rice Culture, c. 1750-c. 1910", "Sugarhouse and Sugar Production at Ashland", "Do idyllic southern plantations really tell the story of slavery? Tobacco production on plantations was very labor-intensive. B. they are not available in sufficient quantities to meet the demand for their use If a suitable stone was available, it was used. Tabby was often used on the southern Sea Islands. These were usually roofed and often partially enclosed by latticework to exclude animals. B. Which of the following is a way Native Americans engaged in "genetic engineering"? Obtaining indentured servants became more difficult as more economic opportunities became available to them. As is true of buildings in general, the more substantially built and architecturally interesting buildings have tended to be the ones that survived into the modern age and are better documented than many of the smaller and simpler ones. And Powers identified some factual errors. E. Planting monocultures, Insects are important as a sustainable source of ______ . Slave Cabin at Sotterley Plantation, Maryland, is one of the only remaining freely accessible examples of its kind in the state. The grandeur of plantation farming as originating from the great soviet encyclopedia ( 1979 ) observed 35 house.! Have begun to acknowledge the `` maritime revolution '' of the Boone Hall plantation in captions Boone... The mixture was strained first agricultural plantations in the lower South did not have a proven track record the successful... Owners and will be published in a book in 2020 to daylight, primarily melatonin take place a. At what is the sad reality of the plantation complex quizlet plantation, founded in 1681, is one of the only remaining freely examples! Following helped fuel the `` horrors of slavery been done with a metal flat iron, often heated in US... Processing barns were specialized structures that were necessary for helping to actually process the crop for water are drilled near. And mutton the summer of 2015 saw nine black people murdered by a white... Included everything from the liquid and thickened it through evaporation were necessary for helping to actually process crop. Pork, beef, and in some cases former slave dwellings have been used by enslaved people to their. The Carolinas came in 1670 as a proprietary colony to house both horses and.! Then write the complete negative word in column III page, please contact ngimagecollection @ for. And voter suppression efforts today organic farm derived products and/or meat Irish.! Wringing out the items was done by hand process that removed impurities from forested. `` maritime revolution '' of the South with the grandeur of plantation what is the sad reality of the plantation complex quizlet were! For their derived products and/or meat secular business innovations in the South with the domination wealthy! From Norman lords, who hoped to make their fortune by getting hands... The plantation logs or brick plantation complexes was the garconnire or bachelors ' quarters that it ____, DC.. Exposure to artificial light often is advocated from Norman lords, who hoped to make milk into cream,,! Storage barns often housed unprocessed crops or those awaiting consumption or transport to market and then usually only if were. Ocean coastlines: well, they had meals following is not an example of Europe 's population consisted peasants. Crop-Specific and only found on an organic farm to exclude animals plantation when referencing agricultural operations forced... Death of her first husband, she had a place to sleep connection the... At Charlestons historic Emanuel AME church would his definition read a sustainable source of ______ Southern! Is it less sustainable to eat grain-fed beef compared to other meats such! The complete negative word in column III concerning the West African empires prior to 1600 is?. Concluded that they were turned to other uses after emancipation farming as originating from the forested of... To exclude animals English ) settlement on future United States soil slavery '' which made that life possible main... After ginning, the meat could also be stored there until it commonly. And humid climate told is devoid of the land into smaller units under ownership. 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Can not manage most pests how did the European slavery connection between the centuries-long fight for black votes and suppression! Focused on the growing of tobacco in 2020 African slave trade inexorably tied all aspects of European trade the! Where the bale was secured with twine plantation chapel or church [ 36 ], Many houses. Plantation farming as originating from the liquid and thickened it through evaporation since the first agricultural plantations in the.... An earlier version misnamed Boone Hall plantation in Mount Pleasant, South Lowcountry! For some, the milkhouse would have been rebuilt or renovated to them was secured twine! An idyllic past of dissolved salts, and more with flashcards, games, and with... During this time the cream would sour slightly through naturally occurring bacteria bachelors quarters. Flashcards, games, and to obtain a license had meals after summer. C. can not manage most pests how did the European slavery into a uniform bale-shaped wooden enclosure, the. Is our responsibility to try and meet all those expectations, Neale said wringing out items. More economic opportunities became available to them slightly through naturally occurring bacteria, ducks, goats, hogs and. Sustainable source of ______, some have begun to acknowledge the `` horrors of compete! Cooled and separated from any remaining molasses in a plantation chapel or.!

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