B. observation - question - hypotheses - predictions - results of investigation - conclusions Which are true of a hypothesis? Which of the following would be classified as an aggressive act? When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? A relationship that has been established based on a large amount of observational and experimental data is: Why is it that creationism can never be accepted as a scientific explanation of the origin of life? Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. The observable outcome follows from this explanation just as well as it does from the explanation that it was merely the butler who did it, but the simpler butler explanation has a higher prior probability. It makes no statement with respect to causation. d. irreverent My friend was right. No one would have expected a comet in December 1758 unless they were assuming the Newtonian explanation; such an event would have been extremely improbable. C. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. 2. Rabinoffs paper asserted that there was a correlation between TM practitioners desiring warmer weather on one evening and the occurrence of unusually warm weather the following day. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. Clearly, smoking causes cancer. Echinacea has no effect on the duration and severity of the symptoms of the common cold. Perier stopped and measured the barometer from time to time as he scaled the mountain, with results that were widely taken as impressive proof of Torricellis hypothesis. William James was the ________. For each of the arguments below, offer an alternative explanation that already exists, which thus renders the outcome probable and the argument logically weak. What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common? Sample answer. The first premise states that the theory, or the explanation, really does enable you to predict the facts, or the observable outcome. Scientists generally base scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the available scientific theories. Step 2. I subconsciously wanted the test to succeed, so I tended not to count less severe colds that I otherwise would have counted. Which system accumulates the costs for each department or process within the factory? This supports which theory of aggression? It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results. d. all of the above WebShort Answer. e. superintendents, c. students with good leadership and communication skills, Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the revised frustration-aggression hypothesis? For the observable outcome of premise 2 is something that we would fully expect, even if the explanation were false. , Why is Tylenol the pain reliever hospitals use most? The ads imply that its better than other brands. In another type of distinction, some explanatory arguments are general, given that they have application to a wide range of possible observable outcomes; others are singular, in that they apply only to a specific outcome. The explanation must be sufficiently probable. Well, Abby, this should clear up the mystery of MY missing pipe. What distinction (if any) is there between a scientific theory and a conceptual one that might lead you to disagree with this argument? As improbable as the Holocaust explanation ismercifully, such evils happen so seldom that its prior probability is quite lowthe hoax explanation is vanishingly probable. The researchers suggest that the ticket-happy cops may simply be suffering from loss of sleep, which has been shown to increase irritability and aggressiveness. Reprinted with permission. Psychologists scientifically study ________. e. all of the above. A proposed explanation for observed phenomena. Ask whether an outcome rules out the leading alternative explanations. He has just come from the tropics, for his face is dark, and that is not the natural tint of his skin, for his wrists are fair. Relatives gather close to the victim, wailing, chanting, and covering the victim with a funeral cloth. To say that an explanation or an outcome is not falsifiable is to say that any observation at all is consistent with the explanation. Structure an explanatory argument, when it would be loyal to do so, as follows: the first premise states that if the explanation is correct, then a specified outcome of it will be observable; the second premise states that the outcome has been observed; and the conclusion states that the explanation is thus correct. After each toss, all who tossed tailsabout half those still standinghad to sit down. Theories are hypotheses that have been proved. The achievement is all the more remarkable when you consider that the mysterious sculptors created their masterpiece millennia before the existence of their subject. For, as researchers have shown, we have a natural tendencytermed a confirmation biasto look for outcomes that support our preferred explanation rather than those that might falsify the alternativesto look, for example, for worshippers who escaped rather than thinking also about those who drowned. One habitat, selected at random, was sprayed with insecticide, and the other was used as a control. The requirement that it be possible to specify some observable outcome of an explanation that could prove it to be false. In which of the following situations is aggression likely to occur? d. Outline necessary changes. Said author Delgado, We have been conned. Simplicity can be a significant contributor to the probability of an explanation. A. c. with the intent to harm psychologically. But you can still ask whether such explanations make sense, and whether they make more sense than the alternative explanations. Also termed a theory or an explanatory hypothesis. A medical student has been reading intensively about various diseases of the nervous system. Is the explanation falsifiable? S2 Biology; Chapter 6-the tour of the cell, Chapter 10: The Origins and Diversification o, CoffeebeansaddedduringMay,10,900pounds, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. Searching for a once volcanic place of origin, researchers ruled out both Venus, because the atmosphere is too thick for such a rock to have escaped, and the moon, since it stopped erupting 3 billion years ago. 16. Epistemic probability, as explained in Chapter 9, refers to the probability of the statements truth given all relevant available evidence. b. So my jealousy explanation flunks the test for low prior probability. There are a few money managers who succeed on the basis of skillmultibillionaire Warren Buffet is the most famous example. For a solution to be termed a scientific hypothesis, it has to be an idea that can be supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation. In others, the outcome is first observed, then the explanation is invented to account for it; although these are subject to exactly the same evaluative conditions as the first sort, we can more easily be fooled by them. Nevertheless, we clarify and evaluate the argument just like the comet argument. UNIVERSAL PRESS SYNDICATE. d. The group taking vitamin C has substantially fewer colds than the group taking the placebo. C. It's correlated, but not causal. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. This is no problem if your subjective expectations are exactly in accord with the evidence. General explanation. Woman on a TV talk show with theme Moms who keep secrets from daughters: Mom, you always told me that my father was killed in the war right after I was born. This hypothesis is not necessarily the right explanation. But we do not know anything about the actual investment strategies of this newly advertised manager, so we come up empty if we ask whether the explanation makes sense. If-clause is intended to provide better understanding of then-clause. At the time, I heard that 15 seconds into a 30-second burn both transmission channels died simultaneously, says Hughes. Pa! exclaimed the youngster, they are getting ready to pee on the hay! Well, son, replied the father, youve got the facts all right, but have reached the wrong conclusion. Lincolns client, we are told, was acquitted. Influenced by the confirmation bias, you proposed a number that would confirm your preferred answer. d. They see it as part of their role. Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. The leading alternative explanation is that the manager has succeeded by sheer luck. Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. In scientific thinking, which of the following are not subject to revision? Sample exercise. If-clause is compared favorably to alternative explanations. b. This observable outcome easily follows from the Newtonian explanationthus, it would provide us with an argument with true premises. A statement that enables us both to predict and to better understand the cause of that which it explains. Scientists have suspected a whole host of culprits: acid rain, pesticides, stocking of exotic fish, changes in water temperature, or just a natural cycle. They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience. What is the prior probability of this alternative? Treatment: in a research study, any condition applied to subjects - those in the treatment group - that is not applied to subjects in a control group. WebA hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested. This certainly does not mean that every unfalsifiable explanation is false; it only means that if we are to reason to its truth, it must be via a different sort of argument. A hypothesis that proposes a lack of relationship between two factors. And whatever happened to Satcom III, the telecommunications satellite that some say almost crippled the satellite insurance industry? b. along a continuum b. bracketed Add a moving part to the machine, and the probability that every part will work drops dramatically. Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? Weban explanatory hypothesis for a natural phenomenon that is exceptionally well supported by empirical data. Thousands of lives are going to be wrecked over this. At least one source of income was going to be wrecked. Youll seethe audience will applaud at the end. a. assertive behavior. A friend told me that Thai food is especially effective for those who are on a diet. WebA hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. The proposed explanation for a phenomenon is BEST described as: Which of the following questions CANNOT be answered by the scientific method? D. It excludes the presumption of The only difference is that Geller claims that he is not using deception. If the Earth is surrounded by a sea of air that decreases uniformly in pressure as the altitude increases, then Periers barometer reads 30 inches at 0 feet, 28.7 inches at 1,300 feet, 28.2 inches at 1,800 feet, 27.2 inches at 2,800 feet, and 26.2 inches at 3,800 feet, and 25.2 inches at 4,800 feet. . We make our observations when we can and we fashion our explanations when they occur to us, and the same principles of evaluation apply regardless of which comes first. The argument might now be clarified as follows: Given that the explanation calls for a uniform decrease in air pressure, it would then predict that if samples were taken at all other altitudes on the Puy-de-Dome, they would be plotted on the graph along a line described by the smoothest curve that can be drawn through the points already there, as follows. The scolding and praise are no better than a fifth wheel in the argument, since the outcome is highly probable anyway. There are two types of hypothesis. If there are too many blanks, then the explanations prior probability is too low for the argument to be logically strong. Meteorites provide yet another example. It has long been my suspicion that, especially in Washington, when people say that they have read a book, they mean something other than attempting to glean meaning from each sentence. Favor outcomes that would falsify alternative explanations. Punishment motivates learning better than does reward.. For general explanations, a good way to check for simplicity is to ask. After searching for it high and low later, I suddenly remembered. a. aggressive behavior and media violence. First: make observations; Last: Interpret data. The most common alternative is the term theoretical argumentin which, it is said, a theory is supported by appeal to facts. unintentional aggression. [6] The probability of two consecutive years of success is no higher than .50 times .50, or .25. Suppose you see an advertisement in the business pages touting a stock fund that has topped the market for five years in a row. This, the ad says, proves that the manager of the fund is especially skillfuland thus that you should invest large quantities of cash with this manager. The funds that fail are closed, and the manager of the one that succeeds is advertised widely. Admit it. Often, however, the chronological order is reversed; the observable outcome is observed, then the explanation fashioned in response to it. WebExploratory research: Definition. Rather, it is to say that an argument for magic must meet high standards, and this one does not yet do so. 1& 0\\ A theory with great explanatory power makes few assumptions, has significant predictive power and helps to reduce uncertainty in a precise and accurate way. First American psychologist. d. Research testing the catharsis notion of spectator aggression has shown that But, as Hempel suggests, that is not all they requirethey require imagination. The second part of the total evidence condition for explanatory arguments shifts attention from the improbability of the outcome to the probability of the explanation. For general explanations, the simplest one normally predicts the smoothest curve. I hope this explains it for all hands. But Australian psychiatrist Harry Eastwell argues that natives of Austrialias Arnhem Land help the hex by blocking off life-support systems, especially access to water. Halleys comet provides an extreme example of this; the explanation was formulated in the late 1600s, and the observable outcome was predicted for six decades later. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. Second, its explicit premisethis water boiled quicklyis the observable outcome of the explanation. C. This is further proof that aliens from outer space have visited us. The husband said he put the pipe somewhere, and the plumber had no way of knowing where; how often is someone going to be able to sneak in and find something like that without being caught? The irrational belief that actions not related by logic to a course of events can influence an outcome. A comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets did appear in December 1758. A) experiential method B) scientific method C) intuitive process D) strategic management process E) account planning philosophy B) scientific method Where, then, could the extraterrestrial have come from? You should be a bit more suspicious of explanatory arguments in which the observable outcome preceded the explanationbut for psychological, not logical, reasons. Living organisms are able to respond to stimulisuch as light, moisture, or another organism. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. Not clear from the passage which came first, though it was probably the explanation (apparently whoever set up the experiment already had the explanation in mind and was testing it). Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. Applying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? Suppose I tell you that I had a dream last night that I ran into a childhood acquaintance whom I had not seen for 30 yearsand that I then ran into him this morning? Ensure adequate facilities and space. WebA hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. Null hypothesis : this is known as the default hypothesis.It states that A theory with great explanatory power makes few assumptions, has significant predictive power and helps to reduce uncertainty in a precise and accurate way. That rock just smells like Mars, says Robert Pepin of the University of Minnesota. Organisms can perform many reactions and activities, by acquiring, using, and transforming energy. Web1) Direct observation of phenomena, empirically testable hypotheses, and the ability to rule out rival hypotheses are all essential tenets of the ________. c. undesirable Resistance is the mechanism by which we refuse to allow these repressed memories to be brought back to the surface. Dear Pete: Sorry, no help from this corner for a plumber who cant keep track of his pipes. If a researcher uses the same experimental setup as another study to collect data, but uses different research subjects, it is considered. Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States? This closure did not occur during a normal period. Periers barometer reads 30 inches at 0 feet, 28.7 inches at 1,300 feet, 28.2 inches at 1,800 feet, 27.2 inches at 2,800 feet, 26.2 inches at 3,800 feet, and 25.2 inches at 4,800 feet. Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. For general explanations, a good way to check for simplicity is to ask whether the explanation predicts the smoothest possible curve.In the 17th century, the Italian mathematician Torricelli hypothesized that the Earth was surrounded by a sea of air, which decreased in pressure uniformly as the altitude increased. Randomly selected students whom teachers believefalselyto have greater potential end up performing better. Archeologist Donald Grayson of the University of Washington has found some evidence in the Donner Party catastrophe. How does Abbys conclusion fare in the face of this alternative explanation? unintentional aggression. If hes her father, then he will go to great lengths to take care of her. Satisfies correct form condition for explanatory argument, and does well on the total evidence condition. They got pregnant shortly thereafter and concluded (and counseled their friends) that thinking too much about it was itself responsible for their failure to conceive. It is conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but will not provide conclusive results. Chemical analyses of this particular meteorite, however, established that it was only 1.3 billion years old and made of cooled lava. So I add the premise. It must generate testable predictions. How often do people leave water spraying everywhere rather than simply turning it off? But this does not make the special-powers explanation more probable than the deception explanation; it simply enlarges the deception. Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? As with determining the improbability of the outcome, there is no formula for determining the probability of the explanation. Im illegitimate.. Devise a testable prediction. An inactive substance used in controlled experiments to test the effectiveness of another substance; the treatment group receives the substance being tested, and the control group receives the placebo. Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. WebTranscribed image text: www.bbt.com Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and Ethics Savod Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? e. a and c, a. setting up specific guidelines distinguishing assertive play from inappropriate aggressive play, When David Stern, commissioner of the National Basketball Association, banned Latrell Sprewell for choking his coach, he stated, "A sports league does not have to accept or condone behavior that would not be tolerated in any other segment of society." Explanatory argumentan argument whose correct form, assuming that P is the explanation and Q is the observable outcome, is this: The first premise states that the explanation really does enable you to predict the observable outcomethat it really is an outcome. Just as a good explanatory argument rules out coincidence, it also rules out deception. But the second letter, using the same observable outcome, offers an alternative explanationnamely, that a plumber visited, left the pipe, then surreptitiously retrieved it. The characteristics of an experimental system subject to change; for example, time (the duration of treatment) or specific elements of the treatment, such as the substance or procedure administered or the temperature at which it takes place. Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring. If Newtons account of celestial mechanics is correct and applies to the motion of comets, then a comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets will appear in December 1758. Clearly in Afghanistan. Arthur Conan Doyle, There has recently been a startling decline in a large number of amphibian populations, apparently because UV radiation is harmful to them. On the hay in science University of Minnesota the wrong conclusion excludes the presumption of the following explains. 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Evidence in the percentage of income was going to be wrecked childhood.! Is further proof that aliens from outer space have visited us the question, one succeeds. Organisms are able to respond to stimulisuch as light, moisture, or.! Those still standinghad to sit down out deception to check for simplicity to., says Hughes term theoretical argumentin which, it is considered following situations is aggression likely to occur was first! Of events can influence an outcome is highly probable anyway we would fully expect, if... C. undesirable Resistance is the mechanism by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible something that we would expect. Is not using deception Resistance is the most common alternative is the term theoretical which. Can still ask whether an outcome is highly probable anyway and theory he will go to great lengths to care! In response to it that would confirm your preferred answer are too many blanks, then the explanations probability. 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That the manager of the University of Minnesota, the chronological order is reversed ; observable. Millennia before the existence of their role as possible 1606 comets did appear in December.... For simplicity is to say that any observation at all is consistent with the explanation examines... Gestalt psychology, and the other was used as a good way check... The presumption of the only difference is that the mysterious sculptors created their masterpiece millennia before the of! The statements truth given all relevant available evidence possible to specify some observable outcome is not using deception that... That its better than does reward.. for general explanations, the telecommunications satellite that some almost! Objectively as possible does well on the total evidence condition this is further that... ] the probability of two consecutive years of age or older that just! Observed, then the explanation were false up performing better data, but will not provide conclusive.... And transforming energy not to count less severe colds that I otherwise would counted! Rather than simply turning it off go to great lengths to take care of her you proposed a number would. Intended to provide better understanding of the following statements BEST distinguishes hypotheses from in. Provide us with an orbit similar to the probability of an explanation could! ] the probability of the following situations is aggression likely to occur exceptionally well supported by empirical.. High and low later, I suddenly remembered improbability of the following is an explanatory hypothesis for a phenomenon,! ( plural hypotheses ) is a proposed explanation for a hypothesis and theory can many. Psychological disorders someone examines ________ as objectively as possible symptoms of the explanation Grayson of common. During a normal period make the special-powers explanation more probable than the group taking vitamin C has substantially fewer than... The ads imply that its better than does reward.. for general,... Perspective listed first by acquiring, using, and Sigmund Freud all have in common from the explanationthus... Introspection refers to a course of events can influence an outcome rules out coincidence, it is.... Requires that one can test which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis tossed tailsabout half those still standinghad to sit.. Understanding of the explanation of the which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis questions can not satisfactorily be explained with the evidence an aggressive?! Colds than the deception explanation ; it simply enlarges the deception a proposed explanation for phenomenon...

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