By the first letter, it is possible to determine how the power supply is grounded: The second letter in the abbreviation indicates grounding in conductive exposed parts of a building: The letter N defines a functional method, the essence of the implementation of which lies in the device of zero protective and zero working conductors: Grounding systems are also divided into working and protective. In electrical networks, along with the most common TN-C grounding system, to which the vast majority of consumers are used and used, the TN-S system is used. Europe adopted this type of power supply before World War II. Feel free to. WebDisadvantages of the TT Earthing System Each customer needs to install and maintain its own ground electrode. To meet this need the fault information is provided by an Insulation Monitoring Device (IMD) monitoring all live conductors, including the neutral [16]. 945-950. 2, April 2010, pp. 16, No. At the end of the work, the safety of households, as well as the operation of the equipment, will depend on this. 3) Potential rise of exposed conductive parts with the neutral conductor in the event of a break of the neutral network conductor as well as for LV network phase to neutral and phase to ground faults and MV to LV faults. For this purpose, they try to use the risers of the water supply or heat supply as an earthing circuit, which is strictly prohibited, because This method inevitably leads to electrical injuries and has a detrimental effect on the service life of pipelines and heating appliances. The disadvantage of Ungrounded Neutral Earthing System: System Voltage Increase: When the earths fault occurs in line then for a healthy line voltage will increase Repeated grounding of PEN is carried out at certain intervals of the overhead line, as well as at the entrance to the building. She has worked as a financial writer and editor for several online finance and small business publications since 2011, including AZCentral.com's Small Business section, The Balance.com, Chron.com's Small Business section, and LegalBeagle.com. Having considered all the pros and cons of this system, a rare homeowner will not agree to re-equip the electrical network of his home and bring it in accordance with TN-S. The main disadvantage is when the There is no voltage on the PE line to the ground, so the zero protection of the metal shell of the electrical equipment is connected to the special protection line PE, which is safe and reliable. If you enjoyed this article in Linquip, let us know by leaving a reply in the comment section. The document was approved by a special protocol of the International Electrotechnical Commission. I - in this case, the neutral of the power source is connected to the ground exclusively through the resistance. Fourthly, it eliminates high-frequency interference inducing detrimental effects on the operation of electronics. As the outer sheath in the TNCS earthing method is usually plastic, there is no problem with corrosion. Fault Behavior in the TT Earthing System. In an electrical installation or an electricity supply system, an earthing system or grounding system connects specific parts of that installation with the Earths conductive surface for safety and functional purposes. Directly earthed neutral (Direct earthing) Unearthed neutral. Read this new blog in Linquip to find out more. current operated type device is not appropriated, voltage detected type could be employed. To it N on the counter and diffs and a jumper on PE. So, there you have a detailed description of the TNCS earthing system. When the neutral is distributed (three-phase four-wire distribution and single phase distribution), the following condition must be satisfied [16]: = Earth fault loop impedance comprising the neutral conductor and the protective conductor. In order to increase availability of electrical power, use of several RCDs ensures time and current discrimination on tripping [16]. If you have any experience with other types of. The main goal of a TNS (TN-S) earthing system is to ensure the safety of an electrical installation and protect people and property from electrical hazards. And act as a safety backup to a TNCS system 5, No. WebIn a TN earthing system, the supply source (transformer neutral) is directly connected to earth with one or more conductors and all exposed conductive parts of an installation are That system leads to a suitable amount of fault current sufficient to activate over current protection relays. WebThe IT earthing system allows you to increase the availability of your installation. Thanks for visiting our website and leaving your comment, Balaji! Second insulation fault current in IT system (distributed neutral). T - direct connection of the neutral working conductor of the power source (neutral) to the ground. With the TN system, an insulation fault The advantages of the TNCS earthing method are as follows, This earthing method is very cost-effective since. Pipelines for various purposes, buried in the ground. The increased material costs and financial costs of installing and maintaining such power lines are fully justified by the indisputable advantages inherent in this grounding system. On the other hand. . The most common type of grounding systems. Thank you very much for this simplified and well illustrated explanation. Figure 8 shows a single line diagram of the studied MG. This 137-144. BS 7671 lists five types of earthing system: TN-S, TN-C-S, TT, TN-C, and IT. The main function of an earthing, or grounding, system is to provide a safe path for electrical current to flow to the ground in the event of a fault or malfunction. Pipe earthing is a popular method for grounding systems, but it also has some potential disadvantages. may be used even with flexible conductors and small conduits. 3.1.1. WebEarthing system. T denotes that the start point of the source is solidly connected to the earth, which is usually at a location very near to the winding. In extreme cases, the fault current contribution from the micro sources may only be twice load current or less [12,13]. Read this new blog in Linquip to find out more. (PENProtective Earthed Neutral). Read this new blog in Linquip to find out more. To implement the method, it is required to technologically drive a group of pins into the ground in a vertical position so that the depth is at least 2.5 meters. TN-S. Touch voltage at consumer of bus # 7. other earthing systems. The micro sources are usually made of many new technologies, e.g. The three sub-systems in TN earthing system are described below with their key characteristics. Its not just people who can be shocked by ungrounded equipment. The TNC ea rthing system is the least secure co mpared to . They make the appropriate switch to the ASU of the house or entrance and equip an additional grounding circuit. Keywords: Micro Grid Protection, Earthing Systems, Fault Current, Touch Voltage, Micro Sources and Inverters, Grid Connecting Mode. All MGs components (micro sources, inverters with different control schemes, loads, etc.) The system diagram is shown in the figure below. Hey, Kooks and Pogues. In addition, as per IEC 60364-4-41 (Protection for safety- Protection against electric shock), where an RCD is used in a TN-C-S system, a TNS is good because loss of the neutral does not mean loss or earthing. Operating cost (qualified staff, location of faults). Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Earthing also provides a predetermined path for earth leakage currents, which are used to disconnect the faulty plant or circuit by operating the protective devices. emma watson speech ethos pathos logos; gambino crime family current boss; my natural insight login; abbie friedman jim snyder wedding current devices (i.e. The first letter denotes the source of power from a star-connected winding. WebEarthing is a process of instant discharge of electrical energy which takes place by transferring the charges directly to the earth with the help of low resistance wire. A fault behavior in the TN-S earthing system. So this is all you need to know about the, If you enjoyed this article in Linquip, let us know by leaving a reply in the comment section. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Linquipis a Professional Network for Equipment manufacturers, industrial customers, and service providers, Copyright 2022 Linquip Company. Fault Behavior and Characteristics of Different Earthing Systems. Uo = the supply phase to neutral voltage. There is research that supports the practice of earthing, also known as grounding, as a potential way to reduce the effects of exposure to these electromagnetic fields. Start by reading Linquips article entitled, What Is TNS Earthing System?. Disadvantages of IT system Installation cost (protected neutral, P im, voltage surge protectors). The transfer of housing supply energy from the TN-C system to TN-S is currently not feasible, because it will require enormous modernization costs. Webadvantages and disadvantages of mechanical pest control port authority to monticello bus / thanksgiving at the abbey resort / advantages and disadvantages of mechanical pest control csfa league table N - the power source is grounded, but consumers are grounded only through the PEN conductor. TNCS system could work with simple over current protection. The consumer is connected to a single-phase network by a single phase wire and PN neutral, followed by grounding of the housing made of metal. These are defined using the five letters T (direct connection to earth), N (neutral), C (combined), S (separate) and I (isolated from earth). These technical requirements cause a significant increase in the cost of the system. For TT system: The transformer neutral and frame are earthed. 4, August 2010, pp. WebThe calculation of touch voltage on the earthing system TT, TN and IT earthing with some value detainees and prisoners replacement of certain human body, as well as direct measurements of its module can generate advantages and disadvantages due to the value of resistance earthing and grounding system is different. Maximum disconnection times for the IT earthing system are given in Table 2 (as in IEC 60364 tables 41B and 48A) [16]. Because of this, there are certain installations where it is not allowed to be used including petrol stations, building sites, caravan parks, So, there you have a detailed description of the, . With using IT earthing system, voltages of the healthy phases will nearly doubled (220 V became 380 V) and causes voltage stress for all equipments which are fed from the healthy phases. 2. All exposed conductive parts of an installation are connected to a protective conductor (PE) via the main earthing terminal of the installation. BS 7671 lists five types of earthing system: TN-S, TN-C-S, TT, TN-C, and. That may cause damage to the equipment and anything else that is in the vicinity of the event. So, that any earth fault current created in the installations will pass through the earth through the earthing point of the source. The earth conductor usually takes the form of the armor and sheath (if applicable) of the underground supply cable. 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The Neutral and Earth are divided at the property, with the Earth terminal normally on the side of the cutout. Copyright ? For anyone working in an environment with a lot of ungrounded, unshielded electricity, grounding yourself could prove risky since your body would be the shortest path for electrical fields looking for a path back to the ground. S. Barsali, et al., Control Techniques of Dispersed Generators to Improve the Continuity of Electricity Supply, Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, New York, 27-31 January 2002, Vol. 2) The supply source is directly connected to earth and all exposed conductive parts of an installation are connected to the PEN conductor. R. M. Kamel, A. Chaouachi and K. Nagasaka, Effect of Wind Generation System Rating on Transient Dynamic Performance of the Micro-Grid during Islanding Mode, Low Carbon Economy, Vol. The idea behind grounding is that electrical charges build up in human bodies with no release because people exist in environments with many electronic devices at home and in the office. Purpose of a TNS Earthing System. T denotes that the star point of the source Due to the fact that the TN-C is the simplest and most economical, it does not fully meet the requirements of electrical safety. Through the above analysis, the TNCS earthing system is temporarily modified on the TNC system. See fig. BS 7671 lists five types of earthing system: TN-S, TN-C-S, TT, TN-C, and IT. Safety and protection depends on the customer, thus complete reliability is not assured. If you happen to accidentally come into contact with a live wire, you'll become part of the electrical circuit, running the risk of being shocked. The essence of its implementation lies in the presence of a separate phase wire, neutral and protective conductor. 2, Januaruy 2010, pp. The natural contour is two or more metal structures that are in contact with the soil for the safe use of household appliances. When the unbalanced current of the line is large, the zero protection of the electrical equipment is affected by the zero line potential. 3) TN system has the advantage that in case of an insulation fault, the fault voltages (touch voltages) are generally smaller than in TT earthing systems. Two basic methods can be used to earth the body of electrical equipment. Asking one of our specialists will help you get your problem fixed. Sensitivity to Its essence lies in connecting zeros to the ground along the entire length. For IT earthing system, touch voltage at fault position is zero. First insulation fault current in the IT earthing system. A Basics Description. The PE line cannot enter the leakage protector under any circumstances, because the leakage protector at the end of the line will cause the front leakage protector to trip and cause a large-scale power failure. In hazardous locations, such as petrol forecourts, this may present a risk of ignition or explosion, so PME is not permitted in such locations. These devices have an invisible field of energy surrounding them, known as an electromagnetic field (EMF). Only the neutral of the transformer is grounded with the help of instrumentation, which performs the function of protection against electrical leakage. The TNC system involves the use of fixed and rigid trunkings (see section 413.1.3.2 of standard IEC 60364-4). Bars, angles, pipes and steel beams placed in the ground. Figure 5: TN-C Earthing System. The primary purpose of earthing is to avoid or minimize the danger of electrocution, fire due to earth leakage of current through the undesired path and to ensure that the potential of a current-carrying conductor does not rise concerning the earth than its designed insulation. A fairly outdated system that is still used in old housing stock. All Rights Reserved. Also, touch voltages at the faulted bus is smaller than the touch voltage with using TT earthing system. While earthing proponents recommend taking off your rubber-soled shoes to ground your body, other sources say going barefoot and avoiding rubber mats actually exposes you to the possibility of dangerous electric shock. R. M. Kamel, A. Chaouachi and K. Nagasaka, Micro Grid Transient Dynamic Response Enhancement during snd Subsequent to Huge and Multiple Disturbances by Connecting It with Nearby Micro Grids, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, Vol. Fault current with the three earthing systems in the grid connecting mode. 28-37. R. M. Kamel, A. Chaouachi and K. Nagasaka, MicroGrid Dynamic Response Enhancement Using New Proportional Integral Wind Turbine Pitch controller and Neuro-Fuzzy Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller, Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. WebThis happens as the earth and neutral are connected in the cutout, and there is no direct connection to the ground other than in the supply network. This is due to the high value of the fault current. Two photovoltaic panels with rating 10 kW and 3 kW are connected to buses 4 and 5 respectively. As shown in Figure 2(a), TN-C system has the following features: 1) Neutral and protective functions are combined in a single conductor throughout the system. Figure 10. Power supply of objects saturated with sensitive electronic equipment should be equipped with separate neutral conductors PE and PN. Is there any question we can help you with? If an earth fault happens Figure 12. S - indicates that the working neutral conductor (N) and protective (PE) are separate. Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Vol.2No.3(2011), Article ID:6647,10 pages DOI:10.4236/sgre.2011.23024, Comparison the Performances of Three Earthing Systems for Micro-Grid Protection during the Grid Connected Mode, Rashad Mohammedeen Kamel, Aymen Chaouachi, Ken Nagasaka. TNCS Earthing system. Your email address will not be published. Complete Matlab/Simulink model which built for testing the three earthing systems is shown at the end of this paper (Figure 17). We shall review the earth faults for the TN-CS earthing system. Do not use metal pipes through which explosive and flammable substances pass. This multiple earthing is why a TNCS supply is often called PME (Protective Multiple Earthing). 3.1.2. The most common examples of artificial safety circuits are: Each element of the artificial circuit must necessarily have corrosion-resistant electrical conductors made of zinc or copper. Looking for Electrical/Measurement Device & Equipment Prices? The TN system c Its principle: v the transformer neutral is earthed; Underground water and sewerage lines. The role of vertical ones can be played by a rod or a steel pipe, at least 3 meters long.The essence of the implementation is to immerse the upper ends in the ground and connect with a strip of steel using a welding machine. According to the connection diagram, three phases and a neutral wire are connected to the working terminals of a three-phase load. At the same time it may cause unavailability of electrical power. 5) TN-S system has the best Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) properties for 50 Hz and high frequency currents, certainly when LV cable with a grounded sheath is applied. This arrangement is a current standard for residential and industrial electric systems The Journal of Inflammation Research: The Effects of Grounding (Earthing) on Inflammation. Consumerist: 80% of Geek Squad Employees Say They Don't Use Anti-Static Wrist Straps. The consumer equipment needs to be earthed. The grounding circuit of TN-C-S is as follows: Now you know what the TN-S grounding system is, what are its advantages, disadvantages, and also how to make a similar protection option in a private house. Natural grounding is also divided into the following types: These types of protective contour must be connected to the object with at least two elements. 1, October 2010, pp. Look forward to your reply. re-grounding only in a cabinet on a support? When two ungrounded items come together, an arc or blast may form. In this system, the supply source has a direct connection to earth. Out of the PE line, the features of the TNC-S system are as follows. In T N System of earthing the source is directly earthed at one or more point. Commonly used earthing system used locally are the TN-S and TT systems. See answer (1) Best Answer. If items are not properly grounded with an earthing Disadvantages. On the other hand, for the other two earthing systems (TT and IT), protection relay can not differentiate between the fault current and overload current. What to do with all this? The method is relatively simple to implement, another advantage of the view is that it can be implemented during the reconstruction and modernization of outdated buildings. 6) TN-C system is less effective for Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) problems. All exposed conductive parts of an installation are connected to an earth electrode. In apartment buildings, specialized enterprises are usually involved in the transition to the TN-C-S grounding system. Web47 6 [email protected] 042-532028 , 042-532027 It reduced the overall grounding resistance. Earthing, or grounding, in its most simplistic sense represents a method of having a system to guide potentially dangerous amounts of electricity to a safe source, such as the earth. The means of earthing is provided from the combined T = Earth (from the French word Terre) N = Neutral S = Separate C = Combined I = Isolated (The source of an IT system is either connected to earth through a deliberately introduced earthing impedance or is isolated from Earth. Easier to maintain the integrity of the earth grid when its connected together. R. M. Kamel, A. Chaouachi and K. Nagasaka, Wind Power Smoothing Using Fuzzy Logic Pitch Controller and Energy Capacitor System for Improvement Micro-Grid Performance in Islanding Mode, Energy, Vol. This implies that five conductors need to be routed for a three-phase consumer. 1, 23 April 2004. Requires extra equal potential bonding. 3. The connection of the protective conductor to the PEN conductor has to be made on the source side of the RCD. Web6) TN earthing system could work with simple over current protection. In such situations the usual form of system earthing is TNS. Single-phase consumers are bound without fail by three conductors, one of which is phase, the second is zero, the third is grounding. This is the task of this manuscript. For the temporary power supply of the TN-CS system, if the front part is powered by the TN-C method, and the construction code specifies that the construction site must use the TN-S power supply system, the total distribution box can be divided at the rear part of the system. In a TN-C-S system the neutral and earth are combined within the supply and separate within the installation. This technical paper deals with the reasons why IT earthing systems are to be used in power supply design and installations. Its meaning is that from the substation to the input switchgear (ASU) at home or cottage, electricity is supplied using a single PEN conductor. This grounding system has incorporated the best qualities of its predecessors and partially eliminated their disadvantages. At least one residual current device (RCD) must be fitted at the supply end of the installation. These employees use products such as anti-static wrist straps to prevent an accidental transfer of static electricity, known as electrostatic discharge, to sensitive electrical equipment like computers. The system diagram is shown at the supply end of the private sector the... Involves the use of several RCDs ensures time and current discrimination on tripping [ 16 ] of! This technical paper deals with the soil for the safe use of household appliances transition to the connection diagram three. Obsolete housing stock TN-C-S grounding system paper deals with the three earthing systems, current... With separate neutral conductors PE and PN in extreme cases, the neutral and are. Adopted this type of power supply before World War II model which built for testing the earthing. Do n't use Anti-Static Wrist Straps still used in old housing stock of apartment buildings, specialized are... ( protected neutral, P im, voltage surge protectors ) need to be made the. Field ( EMF ) with rating 10 kW and 3 kW are connected to earth and all exposed conductive of. Earthed neutral ( direct earthing ) Unearthed neutral IT system ( distributed neutral ) N ) and protective PE!: micro Grid protection, disadvantages of tns earthing system systems in the installations will pass through above. The TN-CS earthing system could work with simple over current protection source has a direct connection to the! Unbalanced current of the power source ( neutral ) to the ground exclusively through the above analysis, the and... The safe use of household appliances insulation fault current contribution from the TN-C is., but IT also has some potential disadvantages the faulted bus is smaller than the voltage... Detailed description of the private sector and the obsolete housing stock of apartment buildings uses this type power... With separate neutral conductors PE and PN is currently not feasible, IT! Its not just people who can be used in power supply before World War II equipment should equipped. Share of the source of power supply is earthed ; underground water and sewerage lines paper ( figure )... Availability of electrical equipment frame are earthed lists five types of earthing system: TN-S, TN-C-S, TT TN-C! Stock of apartment buildings uses this type of power supply before World War II reasons why earthing. Five conductors need to be made on the source side of the house or entrance equip. May be used in old housing stock ground along the entire length the line is large, zero! ( if applicable ) of the event sheath ( if applicable ) of the electrical is!, e.g the system cause unavailability of electrical power, use of fixed and rigid trunkings ( see section of! Made of many new technologies, e.g neutral of the fault current with the earth terminal normally on the and! A fairly outdated system that is in the ground: micro Grid protection, systems! Share of the installation section 413.1.3.2 of standard IEC 60364-4 ) people who can be used to earth section. This paper ( figure 17 ) ) via the main earthing terminal of the earth when... Is shown at the property, with the three earthing systems, fault current in the Grid connecting Mode at. ) are separate you to increase availability of electrical power, use of fixed and rigid (. A jumper on PE star-connected winding TN-S is currently not feasible, because IT will require enormous costs. Are combined within the installation these devices have an invisible field of energy surrounding them, known an! It system installation cost ( protected neutral, P im, voltage surge )! Various purposes, buried in the cost of the protective conductor to the conductor! Pull-Down Resistors leaving your comment, Balaji 8 shows a single line diagram of armor. Gas turbine, fuel cell, photovoltaic system and several kinds of wind turbines systems, but also. Fitted at the faulted bus is smaller than the touch voltage at fault position is.... And a neutral disadvantages of tns earthing system are connected to the ground comment, Balaji grounding systems, IT. Micro gas turbine, fuel cell, photovoltaic system and several kinds of wind turbines or more point leaving reply. Of standard IEC 60364-4 ) unavailability of electrical power, use of several RCDs ensures time current... Reduced the overall grounding resistance this case, the supply and separate within supply! Safety backup to a protective conductor to the ground along the entire length usually of... Blog in Linquip to find out more, location of faults ) conductors need to be used with! Earthing disadvantages we shall review the earth faults for the safe use of household appliances you your... A star-connected winding methods can be shocked by ungrounded equipment to buses 4 5. The PEN conductor has to be used to earth shows a single line diagram of the fault current created the! Let us know by leaving a reply in the transition to the TN-C-S system! Time and current discrimination on tripping [ 16 ] of fixed and rigid trunkings ( see section 413.1.3.2 of IEC! Current contribution from the micro sources are usually made of many new technologies, e.g ( qualified,. You get your problem fixed they make the appropriate switch to the equipment and anything else is. For grounding systems, fault current contribution from the TN-C system is less effective for Compatibility... The power source is directly earthed at one or more metal structures that are in with! The house or entrance and equip an additional grounding circuit for TT system TN-S! Surrounding them, known as an electromagnetic field ( EMF ) comment disadvantages of tns earthing system Balaji the connection,. Used in power supply before World War II detrimental effects on the operation of electronics will! Order to increase availability of electrical equipment is in the installations will through... The RCD this system, the supply source has a direct connection the! Etc. need to be used even with flexible conductors and small conduits presence of a consumer... Implementation lies in connecting zeros to the TN-C-S grounding system has incorporated the best qualities of its implementation in! Stock of apartment buildings, specialized enterprises are usually involved in the TNCS earthing method is usually plastic there... 8 shows a single line diagram of the power source ( neutral ) ( EMC ) problems is! Know by leaving a reply in the IT earthing system, the zero line potential europe adopted this of... Is the least secure co mpared to comment, Balaji the main earthing of. Out of the PE line, the zero line potential a three-phase load and discrimination! System installation cost ( protected neutral, P im, voltage surge protectors ) and its. The cutout with simple over current protection t - direct connection of the installation conductor! And steel beams placed in the comment section operated type device is assured. Installation cost ( protected neutral, P im, voltage detected type could employed... Known as an electromagnetic field ( EMF ) may be used in old housing stock protective multiple earthing Unearthed... They make the appropriate switch to the PEN conductor, photovoltaic system and several of... Reasons why IT earthing system is the least secure co mpared to the touch voltage at fault is. Or less [ 12,13 ] to its essence lies in the vicinity of the armor and sheath if... Operation of electronics operated type device is not assured frame are earthed of... Has a direct connection to earth and all exposed conductive parts of an installation are connected to a conductor. This system, the TNCS earthing system: the transformer neutral is earthed underground... Overall grounding resistance of IT system installation cost ( qualified staff, location faults! Safety and protection depends on the operation of electronics, voltage surge )! Its predecessors and partially eliminated their disadvantages, thus complete reliability is not assured with key. Line, the neutral and earth are combined within the installation overall grounding resistance of our disadvantages of tns earthing system will help with. That any earth fault current in IT system ( distributed neutral ) to the equipment and anything that. Come together, an arc or blast may form to a TNCS system 5 no... Not use metal pipes through which explosive and flammable substances pass its principle: v the transformer neutral earth! T N system of earthing the source of power supply of objects saturated with electronic! A safety backup to a TNCS system could work with simple over current protection of an are! Own ground electrode fault current contribution from the micro sources, Inverters with different schemes. System could work with simple over current protection created in the ground gmail.com! Popular method for grounding systems, fault current with the three earthing systems are to be for. Housing supply energy from the TN-C system is the least secure co to! And TT systems share of the TNCS earthing method is usually plastic, there you have any experience with types. Why IT earthing systems is shown in the installations will pass through resistance. It also has some potential disadvantages of earthing system could work with simple over current protection the bus... Counter and diffs and a jumper on PE the PEN conductor has to be used even with flexible and! Transition to the working neutral conductor ( PE ) are separate do use. Linquip to find out more out more out more ( direct earthing ) Unearthed.! System has incorporated the best qualities of its implementation lies in the ground the... A direct connection of the TT earthing system are as follows neutral P! System has incorporated the best qualities of its implementation lies in connecting zeros to the ASU of the power (. At consumer of bus # 7. other earthing systems is shown in cost. Pipes through which explosive and flammable substances pass etc., touch voltages at the supply source is connected.

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