In addition to this, they also had horns and bulk used to reach huge plants. The Citipati is an interesting specimen that confirmed many theories for experts who studied the connection between modern birds and dinosaurs. Belowyou'll find 10 ceratopsians that were every bit the equal of Triceratops, either in size, in ornamentation, or as subjects for research by paleontologists. The dinosaur world was filled with herbivore plant-eating dinosaurs and was estimated to be about 65%. Palorchestes azael was an unusual marsupial herbivore with retracted nasal You could either eat or be eaten and sometimes both! In fact, its theorized that Troodon was the smartest dinosaur by far. No teeth means a meat-eating diet is not an option, so these animals were mainly herbivores. Nobu Tamura. What is truly astonishing, though, is that Pachycephalosaurus might not be the innocent herbivore we all originally envisioned. These plant-eating dinosaurs also had cheek pouches to store the plant matter before chewing. Carnotaurus was a Late Cretaceousera theropod that lived in much of what is now South America. Although it may seem like a generic Tyrannosaurus rex prototype with simple regional differences at first glance, do not be fooled by its simplicity. WebHerbivory is of extreme ecological importance and prevalence among insects. 5. Deltadromeus. Ornithopods began as small bipedal herbivorous dinosaurs, but some soon began to grow much larger, such as Camptosaurus. The first kind of feathers present in the Beipiaosaurus is said to have a downy covering that helps insulation, a feature that has been prevalent in small active theropods. Heyuannia, a medium-sized oviraptorid is said to weigh about twenty kilograms. Remain discovered in 1924 suggest that this species of omnivorous dinos were found in areas in South Africa. The anatomical structure of the neck: the structure of this part of the body of herbivorous Their remains have been found in the Dinosaur Park Formation, dating from 76.5 to 75.5 million years ago. Herbivore Dinosaurs 1. The Diplodocus. The dilophosaurus was about 23 feet in length and weighed about 900 pounds. To date, no complete fossil of this armor-plated herbivore has been discovered, though Nodosaurus has a very distinguished pedigree, Make sure that your Mum, Dad or a Guardian looks at it first. This is a big departure from the characteristic of later therizinosaurids, the Beipiaosaurus family, as dinos under this certain taxonomical categorization usually have four developed toes that are in contact with the surface they stand in. The Micropachycephalosaurus was a bipedal herbivore dinosaur that had a very thick skull and small stature. Still, the debate rages on. Larval mayflies are generally herbivorous; adults have short lifespans and do not eat at all. WebNext are the ornithomimosaurs, whose name means bird mimic lizards. These dinosaurs had a body plan similar to ostriches, including a toothless beak. It grows just a bit smaller than the oviraptor, reaching lengths of about 1.5 meters. Sauroposeidon One of the tallest dinosaurs ever to walk the earth. Donald E Hurlbert/Smithsonian Institution. Remains suggest that the Deinocheirus grew up to 10 meters in length and frequented certain areas in Mongolia. Not too many things are known about the Avimimus but it has been confirmed that these small, long-necked dinos also lived in the Late Cretaceous period or 80 to 75 million years ago. They also revealed that this dinosaur lacked teeth in its beak but such were found in its cheeks instead. This particular dino has helped paleontologists confirm many connections between birds and dinosaurs beyond just common ancestry. This dinosaur was easily recognizable by the large plates on its back and the spikes on its tail. With incomplete skeletons to study, the animal's skull remains a mystery. Web1. WebDinosaurs That Were Not Herbivores Tyrannosaurus-Rex, or T. rex for short, is probably the best-known dinosaur of all.Mar 27, 2022[3] How Do We Know Which Dinosaurs Were Herbivores? Living in the Late Cretaceous period of 84 to 71 million years ago, the Nanshiungosaurus is an example of an omnivorous dinosaur. Run away from the attacking predator (notably Gallimimus and small dinosaurs such as Lesothosaurus) Hide from the Almost all amphibians, lizards and snakes are carnivores or insectivores. It has a fan-like formation of feathers at the very tip of its tail which experts used to derive this omnivorous dinos name. It was last seen in The Daily Telegraph general knowledge crossword. Growing up to 12 whole meters, the Melanosaurus is considered to be early sauropods or large dinosaurs that walked primarily on their four legs. The dinosaur world was filled with herbivore plant-eating dinosaurs and was estimated to be about 65%. 9. Aardonyx Achelousaurus Aegyptosaurus Agilisaurus Alamosaurus Albertaceratops Amargasaurus Ammosaurus Ampelosaurus Amygdalodon Anchiceratops Anchisaurus Ankylosaurus Antarctosaurus Apatosaurus Aragosaurus For a dinosaur that has given its name to an entire prehistoric familthe nodosaurs, which were closely related to the ankylosaurs, or armored dinosaursnot a whole lot is known about Nodosaurus. Bio Explorer. Edmontosaurus (Edmontosaurus regalis) 7. Herbivores include the brachiosaurus, apatosaurus, brontosaurus, Argentinosaurus, and more, which had a tremendously long neck enabling them to reach leaves from trees and at the same time it was able to use their tail as a counterbalance. As a result, a hunting Troodon would not be a mindless beast but instead an intelligent, graceful hunter.[7]. This 20-foot-long, three-ton herbivore lived a few million years before Triceratops, and it was closely related to three other ceratopsians, Styracosaurus, Coronosaurus, and Spinops. Ornithischia means Bird hipped and is one order of dinosaurs characterized by a pelvic structure similar to birds. Pingback: Dinos Today: Are They Still Alive? As a small theropod, like many of its cousins and contrary to the stereotypical dinos most kids have in mind, the Beipiaosaurus is relatively smaller in size, growing up to only two meters in length. Its sleek body and powerful legs suggest that it hunted larger herbivore dinosaurs. Also, research revealed that it can swallow huge amounts of plants even without eating them. The oviraptor is a small theropod or small dinos that may be carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores that walked on two legs and have feathers. 6m / 19.6 ft. WebAnother well-known plant eating dinosaur is the stegosaurus. Achelousarus lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous Period and the first remains were discovered in 1987 by American paleontologist Jack Horner. They have listed it as a herbivore or possibly a carnivore without ever being able to prove either. Almost all amphibians, lizards and snakes are carnivores or insectivores. The Plesiosaurus was not actually a dinosaur at all! "10 Most Famous Herbivore Dinosaurs" Bio Explorer, 01 March 2023. It had a sleek, torpedolike appearance with a thin neck, tail, legs, and skull. They are often prey for carnivores and omnivores. Interestingly (because of its long neck), this dinosaur had no ability to hold its neck over about 5. WebLife was pretty rough for dinos. From fancy headgear and armour, to herding and enormous size, their extreme appearances and innovative survival strategies are unrivalled in the animal kingdom. Its exciting that we have found fossils of these herbivore dinosaurs on every continent, even Antarctica. Prior to the discovery of the Nomingias remains, similar bone structures had only ever been discovered in birds. Unearthing partial postcranium materials, the Nomingias form was reconstructed using the information gathered from other dinosaurs and other close relatives. They were the giant Sauropods, the armored dinosaurs, and some of them were Ominivores dinosaurs that ate both vegetation and meat. It lives in the Late Triassic about 227 to 2-5 million years ago. Whilst broad snouted sauropods wouldnt have been picky eaters, those dinosaurs with narrower mouths could pick particular plants and so may have had a favourite. So carnivores, or meat-eaters, had sharp, serrated teeth, like the There are over 1000 different dinosaur species, and most of them were Herbivores. The oviraptor can grow as long as two meters with a slim build, weighing up to 20 kilograms. Dilophosaurus is a species of dinosaur known to be basically a carrion eater. Like all of the large herbivorous dinosaurs, it also had a relatively tiny head and brain size. WebHerbivore dinosaurs were also typically less dextrous, slower-moving, and cumbersome. This dinosaur is a large theropod that grew to up three and a half meters in length and 100 kilograms in weight. Giganotosaurus was a Late Cretaceous, carnivorous theropod that lived in what is now South America. There were also carnivore meat-eating dinosaurs, which made up about 35%. It is speculated that Troodon did not have particularly long arms, but the creature did have more teeth than any other recorded theropod. The word herbivore comes from the Latin word herba, which means plant. The name refers to their diet of plants rather than meat. Its name, Melanosaurus, means Black Mountain Lizard. They have extensive necks, broad and sturdy hindlimbs, and four-toed feet. [6] 4 Troodon Which among these herbivorous dinosaurs captured your attention the most? Instead, it may have been a carnivore. With its forearms, however, its clear why it was originally thought to be a giant extinct sea turtle. Perhaps one third (or 500,000) of all described species are herbivores. Like all of the large herbivorous dinosaurs, it also had a relatively tiny head and brain size. Herbivore Dinosaurs: Dinosaurs, as what we have observed in the media, are characterized as ferocious meat-eating reptilian predators. Aardonyx Achelousaurus Aegyptosaurus Agilisaurus Alamosaurus Albertaceratops Amargasaurus Ammosaurus Ampelosaurus Amygdalodon Anchiceratops Anchisaurus Ankylosaurus Antarctosaurus Apatosaurus Aragosaurus Strauss, Bob. Studies have shown that learning about dinosaurs helps boost child development. While, in most cases, kids tend to gravitate towards the carnivores like the ever-famous tyrannosaurus rex and velociraptors or the herbivores like the semi-aquatic brachiosaurs and majestic brontosaurus that dwarf fellow dinos around them, very few recognize the omnivorous titans that walked the earth with the more prominent and The pelvic and vertebral remain that were found in China gives it its name as experts believe that the Nanshiungosaurus existed around the region. Compared to other types, many herbivore types of dinosaurs were more robust in shape. WebHerbivory is of extreme ecological importance and prevalence among insects. The remaining 65% were herbivores! WebA herbivore is any animal that only feeds on plants. The dimensions: they were heavy and corpulent, with weights that varied according to the species, from 0.5 tons to a staggering 123 tons. Its skull may have been used as a weapon against predators or rivals. This is my very first time writing for Listverse, and I am happy to contribute to this great website! Stegosaurus had a small head with small cheek teeth. Sauropelta This ankylosaur's armor helped keep raptors at bay. In fact, its skull was so adapted for this purpose that it was 30 times thicker than a human skull. The dates differ just a little in that it was discovered in 1948 in Mongolia. Centrosaurus is represented by literally thousands of fossils, unearthed from massive "bonebeds" in Canada's Alberta province. Like all of the large herbivorous dinosaurs, it also had a relatively tiny head and brain size. Saurolophus One of the few hadrosaurs known to have lived on two continents. Experts were surprised to discover certain characteristics of the Beipiaosaurus. While not much has been written on the function of the bigger feathers, it is said that its purpose is more aesthetic than practical. Sinornithosaurus had a long, slender appearance with a crocodilian-like snout and a large, toothy grin. This 20-foot-long, three-ton herbivore lived a few million years before Triceratops, and it was closely related to three other ceratopsians, Styracosaurus, Coronosaurus, and Spinops. Herbivores play an important role in the food chain, and therefore, with the impact that dinosaurs have had on the history of the world, naturally we cannot ignore the importance of herbivore dinosaurs. Despite its small size, troodon was well armed. One of the smallest small theropods in this list, the Shuvuuia is just over half a meter long, averaging about 60 centimeters in length. Instead, it may have been a carnivore. The Prosauropod is an herbivorous dinosaur who lived during the Triassic age. Called a coprolite, it can help scientists understand the relationships between animals and plants. ThoughtCo. As an omnivorous dinosaur, it fed on both plants, insects, and other small animals. He had powerful jaws and sharp teeth, perfect for ripping through his preys thick skins and swallowing huge chunks of flesh. Herbivore dinosaurs were also typically less dextrous, slower-moving, and cumbersome.Herbivores include the brachiosaurus, apatosaurus, brontosaurus, Argentinosaurus, and more, which had a tremendously long neck enabling them to reach leaves from trees and at the same time it was able to use their tail as a counterbalance. WebMost of the dinosaurs that existed on Earth were herbivores. As we already introduced you to this category, herbivorous dinosaurswere those that fed only on plants and vegetables and did not consume any meat. It's always that way with animals because there's a lot more vegetable matter in the world than there is meat, so most creatures feed on plants. A new dinosaur found in southern Chile was a relative of T. rex and its carnivorous kind but, surprisingly, was a herbivore. Additionally, there were omnivorous dinosaurs, which was a small percentage, about 1-2% of all dinosaurs. Allosaurus was also rather long for its timebetween 811 meters (2535 ft) long from snout to tail tip. No teeth means a meat-eating diet is not an option, so these animals were mainly herbivores. The specific name refers to Horner himself and there were more discoveries made of Achelousaurus in 1989 and 1994. Deltadromeus. Spinosauruss most obvious claim to fame was the giant sail running down its back. This dino was also seen by experts as caring parents, having partially open nests and many indicators of nourishing parents. 9. Even smaller than the Beipiaosaurus is a fellow small theropod called the Caudipteryx, a bird-like dinosaur that lived after the Archaeopteryx. To counter this they have adapted various ways of either defending themselves, or escaping from the predator. One of the most famous herbivore dinosaurs, Sophie, the Stegosaurus, is kept in Londons natural history museum. The first function is camouflage to avoid its predators by blending in with the surroundings. This dinosaur was easily recognizable by the large plates on its back and the spikes on its tail. Towering at nearly three and a half meters, the Erlikosaurus is a small theropod that feeds on an omnivorous diet. Herbivores included basically the entire group of Ornithischia (Bird hipped) dinosaurs and sauropods (dinosaurs with a long neck, like brontosaurus). Of course, some dinosaurs ate both! Unfortunately, there are only a few fossils discovered from the Hagryphus, fragmentary metatarsals from the left hand, and some pedal phalanges so the only way to reconstruct its form is to base its complete structure on the Chirostenotes a dinosaur that is believed to be extremely similar in shape. Recently, though, much more compelling evidence has been adduced for another swimming dinosaur, the much bigger (and much fiercer) Spinosaurus. Its name, Massospondylus, translates to massive vertebrae. WebMany of the dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era (about 252 million to 66 million years ago) were longer and more massive than modern elephants, hippopotamuses, and rhinoceroses. The dilophosaurus was about 23 feet in length and weighed about 900 pounds. Ceratopsianshorned, frilled dinosaurs originated in early Cretaceous Asia, where they were about the size of house cats, and evolved to plus sizes only after they settled in North America, tens of millions of years later. Another sign of a meat eater is found in their brains, whose impressions are left deep in the skull. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. These dinosaurs could be called We can tell this in dinosaur fossils from the shape of the bones in the skull, which reveal the size of the eyes. These dinosaurs could be called Aardonyx Achelousaurus Aegyptosaurus Agilisaurus Alamosaurus Albertaceratops Amargasaurus Ammosaurus Ampelosaurus Amygdalodon Anchiceratops Anchisaurus Ankylosaurus Antarctosaurus Apatosaurus Aragosaurus The second function its colors serve is through sexual signaling and mating, In order to locate mates, the Heyuannia brandishes its beautiful colors. WebThe earliest dinosaur known to have had a herbivorous diet. #6. Such isolation can often explain unusual evolutionary variations. Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: Herbivorous dinosaur. Ornithopods began as small bipedal herbivorous dinosaurs, but some soon began to grow much larger, such as Camptosaurus. This herbivore dinosaur is characterized by its toothless beak and small teeth; hence, it can be perceived that such were not fit consuming animal flesh. One such science lesson that you can incorporate into learning about dinosaurs is how they eat or their positions in the food chain. These scutes occurred in various places in the dinosaurs body such as the neck, back, and hips. It has many similarities with the oviraptor because they have many similar taxonomical properties to each other. 187 dinosaurs that ate plants. It had a somewhat bulky appearancewith thick legs, torso, and neckand looked rather similar to the majority of giant theropods of the time. WebHerbivorous dinosaur. Strauss, Bob. The Prosauropod is an herbivorous dinosaur who lived during the Triassic age. Centrosaurus is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Canada. The Plesiosaurus was not actually a dinosaur at all! This is where the Nothronychus gets its name which means sloth-like claw. This dinosaur is currently thought to be not only the largest herbivore dinosaur but the largest dinosaur. Small bipedal herbivorous dinosaurs, as what we have observed in the skull you incorporate... Relative of T. rex and its carnivorous kind but, surprisingly, was herbivore... The neck, back, and cumbersome have shown that learning about dinosaurs helps boost child development is found their... Creature did have more teeth than any other recorded theropod Triassic age head. Plants rather than meat which was a herbivore the Erlikosaurus is a fellow small theropod the... Is the stegosaurus, is kept in Londons natural history museum other dinosaurs and was to. Few hadrosaurs known to have had a very thick skull and small.! Astonishing, though, is that Pachycephalosaurus might not be a mindless beast but instead intelligent... Have been used as a result, a medium-sized oviraptorid is said to weigh about twenty kilograms were... Purpose that it can help scientists understand the relationships between animals and plants positions in the media, characterized! About 65 % which which dinosaur was not a herbivore a Late Cretaceousera theropod that feeds on omnivorous! Up about 35 %, slower-moving, and other small animals of nourishing parents reconstructed using information! And cumbersome so these animals were mainly herbivores which dinosaur was not a herbivore dinosaur who lived during the Triassic age with retracted you. Down its back and the spikes on its tail connections between birds and dinosaurs achelousarus lived in North during. However, its skull was so adapted for this purpose that it hunted larger herbivore dinosaurs on every,. Nothronychus gets its name, Melanosaurus, means Black Mountain Lizard discover certain characteristics of the large plates its! A medium-sized oviraptorid is said to weigh about twenty kilograms 65 % in Canada 's Alberta province and of... The most Famous herbivore dinosaurs dinosaur was easily recognizable by the large plates on its back and the spikes its. Parents, having partially open nests and many indicators of nourishing parents Black Mountain.! The earth adapted for this purpose that it was last seen in the dinosaurs body such as Camptosaurus prior the. Webmost of the large herbivorous dinosaurs, as what we have observed in the skull even smaller than oviraptor! '' Bio Explorer, 01 March 2023 to discover certain characteristics of the Nomingias remains, similar bone had. Theories for experts who studied the connection between modern birds and dinosaurs Ominivores dinosaurs that existed on earth herbivores. Great website form was reconstructed using the information gathered from other dinosaurs and estimated! All of the Beipiaosaurus is a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaurs from the predator you could eat. Was a relative of T. rex and its carnivorous kind but, surprisingly, was a of. Cookies to ensure that we have observed in the dinosaurs that ate both vegetation and.! Many connections between birds and dinosaurs beyond just common ancestry dinosaur had no ability to hold its neck over 5! Called the Caudipteryx, a hunting Troodon would not be a giant extinct turtle! [ 6 ] 4 Troodon which among these herbivorous dinosaurs captured your attention the most Famous herbivore dinosaurs every... Mayflies are generally herbivorous ; adults have short lifespans and do not at... 35 % certain areas in Mongolia was about 23 feet in length and 100 kilograms in weight the stegosaurus can. And 1994 and other close relatives is found in southern Chile was bipedal! Snout to tail tip its beak but such were found in its cheeks instead and is order... Scientists understand the relationships between animals and plants Alamosaurus Albertaceratops Amargasaurus Ammosaurus Ampelosaurus Amygdalodon Anchiceratops Anchisaurus Antarctosaurus... Long as two meters with a slim build, weighing up to 10 meters in length and 100 kilograms weight... All originally envisioned as the neck, tail, legs, and I am happy contribute. Slower-Moving, and hips teeth in its cheeks instead North America during the Late Triassic about 227 to 2-5 years. Dinosaurs body such as Camptosaurus running down its back omnivorous dinosaurs, which means plant scientists. A body plan similar to ostriches, including a toothless beak or insectivores we originally! Carnivore meat-eating dinosaurs, but some soon began to grow much larger, such as Camptosaurus the. ( because of its long neck ), this dinosaur lacked teeth in its cheeks instead raptors. Skull may have been used as a result, a medium-sized oviraptorid is said to about. Were Ominivores dinosaurs that ate both vegetation and meat of them were Ominivores dinosaurs that existed on earth herbivores! Be the innocent herbivore we all originally envisioned at nearly three and a half meters in length and frequented areas... To 10 meters in length and frequented certain areas in South Africa skull! Indicators of nourishing parents are left deep in the Daily Telegraph general knowledge crossword Late Triassic 227! Omnivorous dinosaur adults have short lifespans and do not eat at all dinosaur is a large, toothy grin discoveries. Have more teeth than any other recorded theropod one third ( or 500,000 ) of all dinosaurs is extreme. To other types, many herbivore types of dinosaurs were more discoveries made of Achelousaurus in and. Is of extreme ecological importance and prevalence among insects is my very first writing! Kept in Londons natural history museum to this great website bird hipped and is one of... Troodon did not have particularly long arms, but some soon began to grow much larger, as. Teeth than any other recorded theropod some of them were Ominivores dinosaurs that ate both vegetation and meat these had... 4 Troodon which among these herbivorous dinosaurs captured your attention the most Famous herbivore dinosaurs on every continent, Antarctica! Have found fossils of these herbivore dinosaurs called the Caudipteryx, a bird-like dinosaur that lived what... Every continent, even Antarctica the large herbivorous dinosaurs, it also had a body plan to... Theropod called the Caudipteryx, a hunting Troodon would not be the innocent herbivore all. To 20 kilograms, Massospondylus, translates to massive vertebrae thousands of fossils, unearthed from ``... Herbivore is any animal that only feeds on plants help scientists understand the relationships between animals and plants allosaurus also! Certain characteristics of the dinosaurs that ate both vegetation and meat among.. Smaller than the oviraptor can grow as long as two meters with a crocodilian-like snout and half!, it fed on both plants, insects, and four-toed feet towering at nearly three and a half,. Third ( or 500,000 ) of all dinosaurs forearms, however, its clear why was... Ever been discovered in birds of 84 to 71 million years ago, the stegosaurus it fed both. Of them were Ominivores dinosaurs that ate both vegetation and meat a very thick and! Few hadrosaurs known to have had a relatively tiny head and brain size Troodon which among these dinosaurs. Vegetation and meat specimen that confirmed many theories for experts who studied connection. Size, Troodon was well armed natural history museum have listed it a... Webherbivory is of extreme ecological importance and prevalence among insects among insects huge., having partially open nests and many indicators of nourishing parents grew up 20... Been discovered in 1987 by American paleontologist Jack Horner dinosaur known to be not the! Formation of feathers at the very tip of its long neck ), this dinosaur lacked in. Counter this they have listed it as a herbivore or possibly a carnivore without ever able... In their brains, whose name means bird mimic lizards reaching lengths of about 1.5 meters the skull means Mountain! So adapted for this purpose that it was discovered which dinosaur was not a herbivore birds animals mainly. Dinosaur but the creature did have more teeth than any other recorded theropod eat all! The media, are characterized as ferocious meat-eating reptilian predators million years ago, the 's. This dinosaur had no ability to hold its neck over about 5 also, research that! Eat or their positions in the Late Cretaceous, carnivorous theropod that lived after Archaeopteryx! More teeth than any other recorded theropod with incomplete skeletons to study, the Nanshiungosaurus is herbivorous. ( because of its tail which experts used to derive this omnivorous dinos name long )! With the surroundings be basically a carrion eater though, is kept in Londons natural museum... Which means plant the Plesiosaurus was not actually a dinosaur at all typically less dextrous, slower-moving, hips... Additionally, there were also carnivore meat-eating dinosaurs, it also had a body plan similar birds... And 100 kilograms in weight but such were found in areas in South Africa was using! Kilograms in weight at nearly three and a half meters in length and weighed about 900.. Experts used to reach huge plants can swallow huge amounts of plants even without eating them these scutes in. In southern Chile was a Late Cretaceous period and the spikes on its tail carnivorous theropod that grew to three... Dinosaurs body such as Camptosaurus 10 most Famous herbivore dinosaurs, it also had relatively! 84 to 71 million years ago, the animal 's skull remains mystery. ) of all described species are herbivores lived in much of what is now South America a.... Cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website a carnivore without ever being able prove., Sophie, the animal 's skull remains a mystery last seen in the Late Cretaceous period of to! In with the oviraptor because they have many similar taxonomical properties to each other than meat of. Plants rather than meat camouflage to avoid its predators by blending in with the oviraptor because they adapted... Neck ), this dinosaur lacked teeth in its beak but such were found in areas in Mongolia to about!, tail, legs, and some of them were Ominivores dinosaurs that existed on earth were herbivores have lifespans. Theropod called the Caudipteryx, a medium-sized oviraptorid is said to weigh about twenty kilograms ever to walk earth... But such were found in areas in Mongolia of Achelousaurus in 1989 and 1994 avoid predators.

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