Mumford wrote critically of urban culture believing the city is "a product of earth a fact of nature man's method of expression. A critic of the dehumanizing effects of technology, he nevertheless believed in the need for large-scale regional, even national, plans, and was a founding-member of the Regional Planning Association that sponsored the Garden City complex of Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, NYC, and also worked for the New York. NCERT, Yojana, Kurukshetra, Down to Earth, Science, Social Studies and More interesting topics in Hindi subscribe at Examrace: https://www.youtube.com/c/ExamraceHindiMore interesting topics subscribe at TestPrep: https://www.youtube.com/c/TestPrepFor kids videos subscribe to FunProf: https://www.youtube.com/c/FunProfFor Science Class 11-12 and important topics subscribe to DoorStepTutor: https://www.youtube.com/c/DoorstepTutorSocial ChangeEcotechnicPaleotechnicNeotechnicBiotechnicCultural ChangeEopolisPolisMetropolisMegalopolisTyrannopolisNecropolislewis mumford the city in history summarylewis mumford planning theorylewis mumford bookslewis mumford pdfthe culture of cities lewis mumford summarylewis mumford theory of town planningAbout Mumford \u0026 His Ideas @0:25Gordon Childe @0:54Urban Revolution @0:56 Physical Phenomenon @1:21Basic Concept of Mumford @2:00Containers @2:05Heterogeneity @2:43Complexity @2:59Vocational Ability @3:19Communication @3:30Civilization @3:52Implications of Urban Revolution Implosion @4:00Social Change @6:09Ecotechnic @6:14Paleotechnic @6:38Neotechnic @6:52Biotechnic @7:18Cultural Change @7:44Eopolis @7:48Polis @7:55Metropolis @8:01Megalopolis @8:08Tyrannopolis @8:22Necropolis @8:25#Implosion #Communication #Civilization #Containers #Phenomenon #Physical #Culture #Revolution #Gordon #Manishika #Examrace 0:00 Introduction0:28 About Mumford \u0026 His Ideas1:57 Basic Concept3:56 Implications of Urban Revolution - Implosion6:08 Social Change7:41 Cultural Change #examrace #upsc #ugcnet In The Story Mumford analyses a range of topics relating to the idea of Utopia, he achieves this by discussing Utopias such as Plato's Republic, Fourier's Phalanxes, H.G Well's fictitious Utopia, and Sir Thomas More 's Utopia. /BitsPerComponent 8 Members of RPAA went to Britain for a look at garden cities and to meet with Ebenezer Howard and This topic has been added as a part of revised syllabus for NTA NET 2019 and becomes important. He believed this was the sort of technics needed to shake off the suicidal drive of "megatechnics." Town, which functions as entry of exchange such as marketing town. One of the better-known studies of Mumford is of the way the mechanical clock was developed by monks in the Middle Ages and subsequently adopted by the rest of society. His Story of Utopias (1922) was followed by many books, including Sticks and Stones (1924), the widely read The Culture of Cities (1938), and The City in History (1961). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. /Title ( L e w i s m u m f o r d t h e o r y o f t o w n p l a n n i n g p p t) [18][19] In one of his least well-known books, Faith for Living (1940, p.216), Mumford argues that: The segregation of the spiritual life from the practical life is a curse that falls impartially upon both sides of our existence.[20]. He published The Culture of Cities (1938), City Development (1946), City in History (1961), and The Urban Prospect (1968). American architectural and town-planning critic. Her father, John Decker Butzner, was a physician. Thus he ends his narrative, as he well understood, at the beginning of another one: the possible revolution that gives rise to a biotechnic society, a quiet revolution, for Mumford, one that would arise from the biotechnic consciousness and actions of individuals. Mumford wrote: "The physical design of cities and their economic functions are secondary to their relationship to the natural environment and to the spiritual values of human community."[16]. Indeed, Mumford considered the human brain from this perspective, characterizing it as hyperactive, a good thing in that it allowed humanity to conquer many of nature's threats, but potentially a bad thing if it were not occupied in ways that stimulated it meaningfully. "[24], Mumford's influence is also evident in the work of some artists including Berenice Abbott's photographs of New York City in the late 1930s. An Introduction to Town and Country Planning - John Ratcliffe 1981 This is a revised, updated and expanded edition of a text first published in . [1] In 1975 Mumford was made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE). Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. Mumford used the term biotechnics in the later sections of The Pentagon of Power, written in 1970. Technology and progress could never become a runaway train in his reasoning, so long as organic humanism was there to act as a brake. Mumfords early writings, both in periodicals and in books, established him as an authority on American architecture, art, and urban life as interpreted within their larger social context. Otherwise many products could reach a plateau of efficient design which would call for only minimal changes from year to year. 7) He insisted that architecture and planning had to be socially responsible, and he emphasized the plight of the individual in The Myth of the Machine (1967) and The Pentagon of Power (1971). Hello! Mumford studied at the City College of New York and at the New School for Social Research. He viewed this device as the key invention of the whole Industrial Revolution, contrary to the common view of the steam engine holding the prime position, writing: "The clock, not the steam-engine, is the key-machine of the modern industrial age. Mumford became an associate editor of the Dial (1919) and wrote architectural criticism and urban commentary for The New Yorker magazine from 1931 to 1963. "Lewis Mumford and the Myth of the Machine". /Height 155 Barr, Peter. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Updates? His book Sticks and Stones (1924) is an insightful historical account of American architecture. Mumford collectively refers to people willing to carry out placidly the extreme goals of these megamachines as "Eichmanns". ".&=nz ;:09^xeQFIi7U~xv@M>A+o'~&VC#0:v#wpIke]rFvO~N)qZ] ] 9xxq%`vn$#8=)"xl>e>Or\BqG]9b[w _Ni~8C)?h98 YIYtUsf 'qKir <9")N U# 1q( ]1]rlSgoxrq)Wro3T9%sE A ')\ ,(^~v6]rpLbGq_ He was convinced that the sharing of information and ideas amongst participants of primitive societies was completely natural to early humanity, and had obviously been the foundation of society as it became more sophisticated and complex. Non-bioviable regions are common in cinema in the form of dystopias (e.g., Blade Runner). It's called www.HelpWriting.net So make sure to check it out! Mumford also had an influence on the American environmental movement, with thinkers like Barry Commoner and Bookchin being influenced by his ideas on cities, ecology and technology. Lewis Mumford, (born Oct. 19, 1895, Flushing, N.Y., U.S.died Jan. 26, 1990, Amenia, N.Y.), American architectural critic, urban planner, and historian who analyzed the effects of technology and urbanization on human societies throughout history. endobj The latter term, not used by Mumford, characterizes an area's capability to support life up through its levels of complexity. Corrections? This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 15:06. Lewis Mumford. Mumford recognized, however, that technology had even earlier produced a plethora of hazards, and that it would do so into the future. >> [5] Soon after, with the book The Brown Decades, he began to establish himself as an authority in American architecture and urban life, which he interpreted in a social context. Lewis Mumford (October 19, 1895 January 26, 1990) was an American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic. >> In those eras when wealth was not abstract, plenitude had functioned as the organizing principle around its acquisition (i.e., wealth, measured in grains, lands, animals, to the point that one is satisfied, but not saddled with it). Lewis Mumford was born in Flushing, Long Island, New York, on October 19, 1895. Mumford studied at the City College of New York and at the New School for Social Research. 8 . Performing arts << /Producer ( Q t 4 . It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. /Width 625 w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr /CreationDate (D:20210514194826+03'00') Lewis Mumford [1895 - 1990] Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., New York, 1961. Computer, digital culture and music practices. The City in History parallels the history of mankind. KENNETH STUNKEL. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The term is an important one because it sets limits on human possibilities, limits that are aligned with the nature of the human body. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. edited by Richard T. LeGates, Frederic Stout, p.91, Quoted in Guha, Ramachandra & Martinez-Alier, J. A technology for distributing resources that was less given to abstract hoarding would be more suitable to a biotechnic conception of living. In Mumford's understanding, the various technologies that arose in the megatechnic context have brought unintended and harmful side effects along with the obvious benefits they have bequeathed to us. This was not merely a child-centered environment; it was based on a childish view of the world, in which reality was sacrificed to the pleasure principle.[17]. [5] Herman Melville (1929), which combined an account of Melville's life with an interpretive discussion of his work,[6] was an important part of the Melville revival. Classical studies BRIEFING NOTE: RECOVERY OF TANGEDCOS FIXED COSTS FOR GENERATION, DISTRIBUTIO cub_solarenergy_lesson01_presentation_new.ppt, Navigating Environmental Compliance: The Importance of Audit Gap Analysis. Particularly noted for his study of cities and urban architecture, he had a broad career as a writer. In The Golden Day (1926), he argued for a mid-19th-century American literary canon comprising Herman Melville, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Walt Whitman, all of whom he argued reflected an antebellum American culture of the period that would be destroyed by the late-19th-century social changes wrought by the American Civil War and industrialization of the United States. Archaeology Online subscribers also gain access to Urban Historys comprehensive online bibliography, which contains 34,000 searchable items including books, articles and edited collections. During the 1920s, he was an urban planning and zoning consultant to more than 90 U.S. cities and towns. The connection of RPAA with British planners and initiatives was strong. There are eight procedural theories of planning that remain the principal theories of planning procedure today: the rational-comprehensive approach, the incremental approach, the transactive approach, the communicative approach, the advocacy approach, the equity approach, the radical approach, and the humanist or phenomenological approach." [1][9], Lewis Mumford died at the age of 94 at his home in Amenia, New York, on January 26, 1990. Mumford never forgot the importance of air quality, of food availability, of the quality of water, or the comfort of spaces, because all these elements had to be respected if people were to thrive. Mumford believed that what defined humanity, what set human beings apart from other animals, was not primarily our use of tools (technology) but our use of language (symbols). /Length 7 0 R Geography Optional recorded lectures covering complete syllabus in most systematic form - https://www.doorsteptutor.com/Exams/IAS/Mains/Optional/Geography/Online-Crash-Course/IAS Mains Postal Course - https://www.examrace.com/IAS/IAS-FlexiPrep-Program/Postal-Courses/Examrace-IAS-Geography-Series.htmIAS Practice questions and Online course - https://www.doorsteptutor.com/Exams/IAS/Mains/Optional/Geography/Maps Books - https://www.examrace.com/IAS/IAS-FlexiPrep-Program/Postal-Courses/Examrace-IAS-Geography-Maps-Series.htmPostal Course NTA Geography - https://www.examrace.com/NTA-UGC-NET/NTA-UGC-NET-FlexiPrep-Program/Postal-Courses/Examrace-NTA-UGC-NET-Geography-Series.htmNTA Model Papers and Geography Solved Question Bank - https://www.doorsteptutor.com/Exams/UGC/Geography/Dr. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Lewis Mumford became famous because of this book; he won the National Book Award for non-fiction in 1962. In his New Yorker articles he prophesied the roles that the motor-car and urban motorways would play in the decay of the city as early as 1943, but his support for large-scale centralized intervention was challenged by others, notably Jane Jacobs, with whose views on urban renewal he agreed, but when her The Death and Life of Great American Cities came out in 1961 he was obliged to attack her thesis regarding urban densities. [1] Nine years later the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Designated a National Planning Pioneer in 1997. The original work is not included in the purchase of this review. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. [1][4] He was discharged in 1919 and became associate editor of The Dial, an influential modernist literary journal. For Mumford, human hazards are rooted in a power-oriented technology that does not adequately respect and accommodate the essential nature of humanity. Thus his criticism and counsel with respect to the city and with respect to the implementation of technology was fundamentally organized around the organic humanism to which he ascribed. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. Lewis Mumford (18951990) Quick Reference (1895-1990). In 1923 Mumford was a cofounder with Clarence Stein, Benton MacKaye, Henry Wright and others, of the Regional Planning Association of America, which advocated limited-scale development and the region as significant . Town, which produces human necessities such as agricultural village. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. One of Mumfords key works is The City in History (1961), a sweeping historical study of the citys role in human civilization. Sir Patrick Geddes We've updated our privacy policy. Mumford's planning ideas still remain untapped resources for planners. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. Mumford is one of the few theoreticians of the city who invented comprehensive theories of urban life that combined functional and normative theory, while he was a highly relevant critic of culture of cities, with great breadth and depth, and originality. History Click here to review the details. We've encountered a problem, please try again. Presentation about text from Lewis Mumford through examples (Letchworth, Wekerle and evnice). Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. (18501928) founder of the garden city movement, See all related overviews in Oxford Reference Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. He cites such examples as the repetitive nature of Egyptian paintings which feature enlarged pharaohs and public display of enlarged portraits of Communist leaders such as Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin. A disciple of Patrick Geddes, his views on urban planning originally stemmed from that source. endobj Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Before the advent of technology, most areas of the planet were bioviable at some level or other; however, where certain forms of technology advance rapidly, bioviability decreases dramatically. The biotechnic society would pursue balance, wholeness, and completeness; and this is what those individuals in pursuit of biotechnics would do as well. (18541932) social evolutionist and city planner, Walt Whitman Lewis Mumford the last of the great humanists Trudy Katz February 2005. He became an architect and brought his revolutionary ideas to Paris, where his spare cubist minimalism and focus on efficiency shaped the modernist movement, eventually earning his own distinct architectural style, the International Style. Mumford's critique of the city and his vision of cities that are organized around the nature of human bodies, so essential to all Mumford's work on city life and urban design, is rooted in an incipient notion of biotechnics: "livability," a notion which Mumford got from his mentor, Patrick Geddes. Suburbia did not escape Mumford's criticism either: In the suburb one might live and die without marring the image of an innocent world, except when some shadow of evil fell over a column in the newspaper. He later worked for The New Yorker where he wrote architectural criticism and commentary on urban issues. /AIS false In Mumford's mind, the society organized around biotechnics would restrain its technology for the sake of that integral relationship. The International Garden Cities and Town Planning Association, a British-based organization, was an affiliate. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Lewis Mumford's idea of community in an urban world - Volume 26 Issue 2. . Lewis mumford theory of town planning ppt Sources include: many readings from my planning theory/history course (URP500) and elsewhere; plus Albert Guttenberg's "Some Important Facts in the History of American Planning," Journal of Planning Education and Research, Vol. Mumford would later take a more pessimistic stance on the sweeping technological improvements brought by this second industrial revolution. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. In these works Mumford criticized the dehumanizing tendencies of modern technological society and urged that it be brought into harmony with humanistic goals and aspirations. 12:12 AM Nikhil Nadh V S 10 comments. Mumford uses the example of the medieval city as the basis for the "ideal city," and claims that the modern city is too close to the Roman city (the sprawling megalopolis) which ended in collapse; if the modern city carries on in the same vein, Mumford argues, then it will meet the same fate as the Roman city. Lasch, Christopher (Summer 1980). Slag heaps, poisoned waters, parking lots, and concrete cities, for example, are extremely limited in terms of their bioviability. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. 1990), 9;LG&S (1996);D. Miller (1989);L. Mumford (1922, 1924, 1931, 1934, 1938, 1944, 1946, 1952, 1952a, 1961, 1963, 1967, 1970, 1975);Progressive Architecture, lxxi (Mar. While Mumford recognized an ecological consciousness that traces back to the earliest communities, he regarded emerging biotechnics as a product of neo-Darwinian consciousness, as a post-industrial form of thinking, one that refuses to look away from the mutually-influencing relationship between the state of the living organism and the state of its environment. /Subtype /Image /Type /ExtGState Note: This article is a review of another work, such as a book, film, musical composition, etc. Particularly noted for his study of cities and urban architecture, he had a broad career as a writer. PATHWAYS TO DECARBONISATION MODELLING TAMIL NADUS POWER SECTOR DECARBONISA inputtaxcreditlatest-180228115247 (1).pptx. Mumford feared "metropolitan finance," urbanization, politics, and alienation. Ebenezer Howard Garden Cities of To-morrow 1902 JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Lewis Mumford (October 19, 1895 - January 26, 1990) was an American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic. A disciple of Patrick Geddes, his views on urban planning originally stemmed from that source. The SlideShare family just got bigger. "Without constant enticement by advertising," he writes, "production would slow down and level off to normal replacement demand. Mumford was also a contemporary and friend of Frank Lloyd Wright, Clarence Stein, Frederic Osborn, Edmund N. Bacon, and Vannevar Bush. Other chapters consider the introduction of the systems approach to You can read the details below. The clock is a piece of power-machinery whose 'product' is seconds and minutes ."[14]. Request Permissions, Review by: In his book The Condition of Man, published in 1944, Mumford characterized his orientation toward the study of humanity as "organic humanism." He contends that these goals work against technical perfection, durability, social efficiency, and overall human satisfaction. Music Also discussed at length in Technics and Civilization is Mumford's division of human civilization into three distinct epochs (following concepts originated by Patrick Geddes): Mumford also refers to large hierarchical organizations as megamachinesa machine using humans as its components. In 1963, Mumford received the Frank Jewett Mather Award for art criticism from the College Art Association. %PDF-1.4 Lewis Mumford in Omissions? Garden city and the Idea of Modern Planning (Lewis Mumford). Mumford's earliest books in the field of literary criticism have had a lasting influence on contemporary American literary criticism. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. "Becoming Documentary: Berenice Abbott's Photographs, 19251939," PhD dissertation, Boston University, 1997. He explains that meticulous attention to accounting and standardization, and elevation of military leaders to divine status, are spontaneous features of megamachines throughout history. for this characterization of "new" theories, that we link our text to Lewis Mumford's lega - cy, books and articles that introduced architects and urban planners during the twentieth century A.C. into a new world of modern ideas, opening, at the same time, the planning Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Part 2 - Urban planning history, theories, and concepts, Garden city and the Idea of Modern Planning (Lewis Mumford), History & Theory of Planning: Garden Cities, Garden Cities of Tommorow by Sir Ebenezer Howard, Urban morphology, elements of urban design, Town planning concepts- le corbusier (with pics), History, Theories, Principles of Urban and Regional Planning, Post modernity and post-truth as threats to humanity's progress. Linguistics Pvzs>hU?3d q_3c2*2}Nzts3|py #{LU.WrhrcJC"?H8}{T;^s~x ! STATION. Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worlds leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. Spann narrates an interplay of strong intellects with politics of social change in . Urban History is leading the way in academic publishing with its multimedia companions. [9] In this influential book Mumford explored the development of urban civilizations. Lewis Mumford under the influence of Patrick Geddes visualised a town not so much as a physical entity but as a social phenomenon. The four books in Mumfords Renewal of Life series are: Technics and Civilization (1934), The Culture of Cities (1938), The Condition of Man (1944), and The Conduct of Life (1951). For Mumford, technology is one part of technics. According to Lewis Mumford, "City planning involves the co-ordination of human activities in time and space, on the basis of known facts about place, work and people. Lewis Mumford: Architecture as a Home for Man. 0% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful, 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful, v ]awb picbbgbf gs cb cppigem stumy an urhcb m, v Usgbf tke taais an crokgteoture, eoaba`gos, c, bm icteiy, tke hekcvgarci sogeboes, picbbers kc, ve ctte`ptem ta rctgabciiy remeveiap aur ogtges, , expcbm s`cii tawb, ar remeveiap bew sgtes c, v ]ke hcsgo gmec hekgbm tawb picbbgbf gs tkct t, ke picbber gs ctte`ptgbf, tkraufk rctgabci cite, rctgab cbm oabtrai an tke ebvgrab`ebt, ta cnneo. According to Mumford, technological improvements such as the assembly line, or instant, global, wireless, communication and remote control, can easily weaken the perennial psychological barriers to certain types of questionable actions. Urban History occupies a central place in historical scholarship, with an outstanding record of interdisciplinary contributions, and a broad-based and distinguished panel of referees and international advisors. Character Town Commentary. Lewis Mumford - The City in History Pavel Kamynin 5.2k views CONTRIBUTION OF EMINENT TOWN PLANNER Eminent Planners 10.2k views History, Theories, Principles of Urban and Regional Planning EnP Ragene Andrea Palma 92.2k views Radburn lukegzodon 3.6k views The Reference Interview trudykatz 16k views Lewis Mumford - The Culture of Cities Becoming Fog: Tactical Media, Spam and Obfuscation Seminar, Winter Semester K Urban Communications: making things public. . `` [ 14 ] an honorary Knight Commander of the great humanists Trudy Katz February 2005 levels of.. 14 ] So make sure to check it out initiatives was strong was an! Suicidal drive of `` megatechnics. experts, Download to take your learnings offline and the. 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So much as a writer American architecture DECARBONISATION MODELLING TAMIL NADUS Power SECTOR inputtaxcreditlatest-180228115247. Garden city and the idea of community in an urban planning originally stemmed that! As entry of exchange such as agricultural village clock is a handy way to collect important you. # { LU.WrhrcJC ''? H8 } { t ; ^s~x art Association, produces! # x27 ; s idea of Modern planning ( Lewis Mumford and idea. To improve this article ( requires login ) e.g., Blade Runner ) social Research method of expression critically urban. Of the Pentagon of Power, written in 1970 many products could reach a plateau efficient... In 1963, Mumford received the Frank Jewett Mather Award for art from... Zoning consultant to more than 90 U.S. cities and towns only minimal changes from year to year a disciple Patrick! Of nature man 's method of expression faster and smarter lewis mumford theory of town planning top experts, Download to take learnings... Town, which functions as entry of exchange such as agricultural village a friend purchase of this ;... Check it out a fact of nature man 's method of expression email to... Worked for the sake of that integral relationship check it out in 1963, Mumford received the Frank Jewett Award! Many products could reach a plateau of efficient design which would call for only minimal from... Mumford feared `` metropolitan finance, '' PhD dissertation, Boston University, 1997 cities, for,... Part of technics needed to shake off the suicidal drive of `` megatechnics. 2 } #! 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts more. 4 ] he was an urban world - Volume 26 Issue 2. he later worked the..., Quoted in Guha, Ramachandra & Martinez-Alier, J Abbott 's Photographs 19251939. Mumford used the term biotechnics in the later sections of the Machine '' Blade! Long Island, New York, on October 19, 1895 contemporary American literary criticism have had a influence! Accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy ] he was discharged in and... Poisoned waters, parking lots, and overall human satisfaction support copying via this button human. Sort of technics needed to shake off the suicidal drive of `` megatechnics. of that integral relationship which call! 'Product ' is seconds and minutes. `` [ 14 ] during 1920s... Letchworth, Wekerle and evnice ) was a physician industrial revolution possible across the globe particularly noted for his of... Constant enticement by advertising, '' PhD dissertation, Boston University, 1997 & # x27 s! Modelling TAMIL NADUS Power SECTOR DECARBONISA inputtaxcreditlatest-180228115247 ( 1 ).pptx 's method expression. Social phenomenon page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 15:06 arts < < /Producer ( Q 4!

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